Biological Molecules

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Biological Molecules
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PARTS OF AN ATOM
ELECTRON -- CHARGE ORBIT AROUND NUCLEUS SAME
AS PROTONS
PROTON CHARGE FOUND IN NUCLEUS SAME AS
ELECTRONS
NEUTRON 0 CHARGE FOUND IN NUCLEUS NUMBER
VARIES ADD MASS TO ATOM
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A MOLECULE IS A GROUP ATOMS
EITHER ALIKE OR
DIFFERENT ATOMS
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SUBATOMIC PARTICLES ATOMS
MOLECULES
ELECTRON, PROTON, NEUTRON
HYDROGEN, CARBON , IRON, SODIUM
O2, CO2, WATER, GLUCOSE, DNA
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ORGANIC MOLECULES

• ALL CONTAIN CARBON, AS A BASE MOLECULE, and
  HYDROGEN
• Organic Molecule Made up of

Carbohydrate C,H,O
Lipids C,H,O
Proteins C,H,O,N
Nucleic Acids C,H,O,N,P
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ORGANIC MOLECULES

• Each kind of organic molecule is made up of a
  different monomer
• Monomer - small individual molecules that connect
  to make up a polymer
• Polymer a large molecule composed of repeating
  individual molecules called monomers
• All organic molecules important to life are large
  polymers.

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• CARBOHYDRATES
• Examples - Sugars, starches and cellulose
• Such as Wheat, rice, corn, potato, barley,
  bread, pasta
• Used by organisms for ENERGY

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CARBOHYDRATES
GLUCOSE C_H_O_ (fill in blank)
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CARBOHYDRATES cont
MONOMER
Monosaccharide (basic building block)

POLYMER
Polysaccharide
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LIPIDS

• Examples Fats and Oils
• Such as waxes, steroids, butter, cholesterol,
  shortening, cooking oils
• Used by organisms for long term energy
  storage and insulation

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LIPIDS
C21 H41 06
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• LIPIDS cont
• Subunits glycerol
• and each of the fatty acids

• Completed Molecule 1 glycerol 3 fatty
  acids bonded together

Fatty acid 1
Glycerol
Fatty acid 2
Fatty acid 3
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PROTEINS

• Examples meats, nuts and beans, fish
• Makes muscle, feathers, hair and nails and
  enzymes
• An enzyme is a molecule that speeds up or slows
  down a chemical reaction so that it can occur at
  body temperature.

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PROTEINS cont

• Monomer amino acids (20 different kinds)
• (basic building blocks)

Alanine ArginineAsparagine Aspartic Acid
Cysteine Glutamic AcidGlutamine Glycine
Histidine IsoleucineLeucine LysineMethionine
PhenylalanineProline Serine
Threonine TryptophanTyrosine Valine
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Polymer a chain of 50 500 amino acids bonded by
a peptide bond (polypeptide)
Polypeptide
The order of the amino acids determines what
protein you will make and what its function will
be.
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PROTEINS cont
If there are between 50-500 amino acids per
protein and 20 different amino acids, how many
different kinds of proteins are possible.
5020 5120 5220 .. 50020 TMTC (TOO MANY
TO COUNT)
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Some Human Proteins

• hemoglobin transports oxygen in the blood
  
• lysozyme hydrolyzes bacterial cell walls
• collagen serves as scaffolding for support of
  tissues and organs, most abundant protein
• pepsin hydrolyzes dietary protein in the stomach
• trypsin hydrolyzes dietary protein in the small
  intestine
• casein found in milk, supplies amino acids to
  newborns
• insulin acts as a signal for the fed state
• myoglobin stores oxygen in muscle cells
• ferritin stores iron in the spleen
• rhodopsin transmits visual signals
• fibrin forms the insoluble network of blood
  clots
• amylase hydrolyzes starch in the mouth
• thrombin catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen
  to fibrin
• antibody binds to a foreign antigen

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NUCLEIC ACIDS

• DNA and RNA
• Makes chromosomes (genetic information)

Monomer Nucleotides
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NUCLEIC ACIDS cont

• Polymer Polynucleotide

Nucleotide
How many nucleotides does this DNA molecule
contain?
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Polynucleotide DNA double helix
A double chain of nucleotides bonded together
OR RNA a single chain of nucleotides bonded
together
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• Nucleic Acids direct the cell to produce specific
  proteins.
• The CARBOHYDRATES and LIPIDS provide the energy
  for the cell to make proteins.
• The PROTEINS your body make determine your
  physical traits (hair color, eye color,
  height...) and body functions (blood clotting,
  carrying oxygen, digesting food)