Chapter 3 Vocabulary

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Chapter 3 Vocabulary

• Olfactory Bulb
• Pheromone
• Taste Buds
• Kinesthetic Senses
• Vestibular Senses
• Gate Control Theory
• Constancy
• Size Constancy
• Color Constancy
• Aerial Perspective
• Stereoscopic Vision
• Perceptual Illusion
• Autokinestic Illusion
• Phi Phenomenon

• Sensation
• Perception
• Receptor Cell
• Absolute Threshold
• Adaptation
• Webers Law
• Subliminal Messages
• Visual Acuity
• Bipolar Cells
• Ganglion Cells
• Optic Nerve
• Color Blindness
• Trichormats
• Monochromats
• Dichromats
• Decibel

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BellWork

• Copy down the graphic organizer in your notes.

Sense Description of How Brain Processes Sense Absolute Threshold
Vision
Hearing
Smell
Taste
Touch
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Group Activity

• Interview each other about the events of
  September 11, 2001.
• Ask these important questions
• Who
• What
• When
• Where
• Why
• How

• In your questions and answers, try to focus on
  the sensations (seeing, hearing, tasting,
  smelling, touching) as well as emotions you felt
  as you witnessed the events of September 11, 2001.

4

• Is there a difference between the individual
  memories and the collective memory of the class?
• How did hearing your interviewee's recollection
  of the event affect your own memory, if at all?

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September 11, 2001

• Eyewitness Interviews and Reactions
• Men and women from diverse ethnic and
  socioeconomic backgrounds, a cross-section of
  America.
• Included are interviews with people who were in
  the World Trade Center, but the majority of the
  interviews are from other parts of the country,
  from those who first heard the news on television
  or radio

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• What events does each of the eyewitnesses
  recount?
• How are their accounts different? How are they
  similar?

7

• What role did technology play in how the
  eyewitnesses experienced the events of September
  11? In what ways, if any, did technology help
  people? In what ways, if any, did technology fail
  to help people?

8

• What emotional responses do the eyewitnesses
  describe?
• Which emotions seemed to be the most commonly
  experienced immediately after the attacks?
• Which were most common days or weeks after the
  events?

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• How do the eyewitness accounts add to your
  understanding of what you previously knew about
  the events of September 11, whether from seeing
  the events on television, reading about them, or
  learning about them in school?
• Describe what you believe to be the unique value
  of eyewitness accounts of major historical events.

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• What do these accounts reveal about the values of
  the individuals describing the events of the
  morning of September 11? How might these values
  affect the way in which they recall the events?
  What other factors might affect their
  recollection of the events?

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Reactions to 9/11

• Billie Jo McAfee, South Lake Tahoe, California
• Peter V.Z. Roudebush, Fort Dodge, Iowa
• Melanie Jean Whipple, East Lansing, Michigan
• Patti Chapman, San Diego, California
• Cindy Mediavilla, Los Angeles, California
• David Harmon, Portland, Maine

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• Compare the psychological and emotional responses
  of these individuals with those of eyewitnesses.
  What similarities do you note? What differences?
• Do peoples emotions and fears seem to vary
  according to where they livedin the countrys
  interior or near a coast, in a small town or a
  big city?

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• What are these interviewees perspectives on the
  medias coverage of the events?
• How do you, as a listener and student of history,
  respond to the eyewitness accounts versus those
  of people who watched the events on television?
  How might your response to the accounts influence
  the way you construct a historic account of
  September 11?

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BellWork

• Copy these questions on a separate sheet of
  paper. You will use these later during the video.
  Leave space so you will have room to write the
  answers.
• ______ _______ capture energy and convert it into
  signals that can be recognized by the brain.
• What are the three colors the eyes see?
• In the eyes, the cones are responsible for
  perceiving ________.
• What is the language of the brain?
• If you are hit on the back of your head, you are
  likely to see what?
• What are the three areas of the visual part of
  the cortex?
• If the ______ _______ ______ is damaged, a person
  can experience blind sight.
• What is blind sight?
• When a blind person reads Braille, the _____
  cortex is being activated.

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Sensory and Perception

• Chapter 3

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Exploring Psychology

• Helen Keller had been blind and deaf since she
  was
• two years old. For the next four years, Helen
  was wild
• and unruly. Then when she was six, Anne
  Sullivan, a
• teacher, entered her life. Using the sense of
  touch as
• the link between their two worlds, Anne tried
  again and
• again, by spelling words into Helens hand, to
  make
• Helen grasp the connections between words and the
  
• things they stood for. The breakthrough came one
  day
• as Anne spelled the word water into Helens hand
  as
• water from a spout poured over it. I stood
  still, my whole
• attention fixed upon the motions of her fingers,
  Helen
• remembered. Suddenly I felta thrill of
  returning thought
• and somehow the mystery of language was revealed
  to me.

adapted from ABCs of the Human Mind, Readers
Digest, 1990.
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The Questions

• What senses were unavailable to Helen Keller?
• How did she learn to compensate?

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An Eskimo or Native American?
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Whats Up?

• In the next few seconds, something peculiar will
  start hap pening to the material youa rereading.
  Iti soft ennotre alieze howcom plext heproces sof
  rea ding is.

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• Aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at Cmabrigde
  Uinervtisy, it deosn't mttaer in waht oredr the
  ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoetnt tihng
  is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be at the rghit
  pclae. The rset can be a toatl mses and you can
  sitll raed it wouthit porbelm. Tihs is bcuseae
  the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by
  istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe.

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What is sensation?

• What occurs when a stimulus activates a receptor?
  
• Response
• Stimuli - any change in the environment to which
  an organism responds
• Stimulus ? Response

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What is a perception?

• Combined sensations with past experiences.
• How we, as INDIVIDUALS, interpret our sensations
• Organization of sensory information into
  meaningful experiences

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Psychophysics

• The study of the relationships between sensory
  experiences and the physical stimuli that caused
  them.
• How much energy is required for someone to hear a
  sound or see a light?
• How much of a scent must be in a room before one
  can smell it?
• Absolute Thresholds of the senses

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Absolute Threshold

• The weakest amount of stimulus required to
  produce a sensation.
• Person can detect the stimulus 50 of the time.

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The Absolute Thresholds

• Sight a candle flame 30 miles away on a clear
  night.
• Hearing hearing a watch ticking 20 feet away.
• Taste tasting 1 teaspoon of sugar dissolved in
  2 gallons of water.
• Smell smelling 1 drop of perfume in a 3-room
  house.
• Touch feeling a bees wing falling a distance
  of 1 centimeter onto your cheek.

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Sensory Adaptation

• Allows us to notice differences in sensations and
  react to the challenges of different or changing
  stimuli.
• Our senses adjust to the overall level of
  stimulation
• More stimulation, less sensitive
• Less stimulation, more sensitive

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Stroop Effect

• Read the following list of colors.
• Say the color of each word aloud.
• Which does your mind see? The color of the word
  or the color the word REPRESENTS?

Pink Blue Green Yellow Red Green
Brown Orange Black Purple White
Red Pink Orange Blue Light Blue Black Pink Red Gre
en Red Green
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The Stroop Effect
http//faculty.washington.edu/chudler/words.html
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Webers Law

• What is Webers law?
• Difference Threshold/ Just Noticeable Difference
  is a constant proportion of the stimulation being
  judged.

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Webers Law

• JND Constants
• Hearing 0.3 (very sensitive)
• Taste 20

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Subliminal Messages

• www.sublymonal.com
• Can people be influenced by information they are
  not consciously aware?

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ESP Real or Imagined?

• Extrasensory Perception
• Response to an unknown event not presented to any
  known sense
• Clairvoyance awareness of an unknown object or
  event
• Telepathy knowledge of someone elses thoughts
  or feelings
• Precognition forehand knowledge of future events
• Parapsychology

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Inside Out Sensation
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The Five Senses

• Or maybe SIX?

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Senses

• Seeing
• Hearing
• Smelling
• Tasting
• Touching
• Internal
• Vestibular
• Kinesthetic

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Vision
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Process of Vision

• Light Stimulus for sense of sight
• Light enters the eye through the cornea
• Passes through the pupils (contracts)
• Moves through a lens and focuses on the retina
  (lining of the eye containing the receptor cells)
• Fovea is the part of the eye that focuses images

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Visual Receptor Cells

• Rods
• 120 million in each retina
• Respond to intensity of light and dark
• Responsible for night vision
• Cones
• 8 million in each retina
• Respond to colors
• Less sensitive to light than rods

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From the Eyes to the Brain

• Ganglion cells
• Neurons that connect the bipolar cells in the
  eyes to the brain
• Optic Nerve
• Carries messages from each eye to the brain

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Color Vision

• Color Blindness
• Trichromats- people with normal color vision
• Monochromats- most severe type of colorblindness
  (less common)
• Only shades of gray
• Dichromats- blind to either red-green or
  blue-yellow shades of light and dark (more common)

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Binocular Vision

• Two eyes, one image
• Retinal Disparity
• Visual system receives two images on the retinas

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Vision
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Smell and Taste

• Known as chemical senses because the receptor
  cells are sensitive to chemical molecules
• Smell and Taste are interrelated
• Smell is thought to be 10,000 times more
  sensitive than taste

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Smell
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Process of Smell

• Chemical molecules (vapors) enter your nose
• Olfactory Nerve
• Carries smell impulses from the nose to the brain
• Located in the membrane in the upper part of the
  nasal passage

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The Olfactory Nerve
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Taste
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Process of Taste

• 9,000 taste buds on tongue
• Liquid chemical molecules stimulate the taste
  buds (taste receptor cells)
• Information/Data is sent to the brain
• Includes information about temperature and
  texture of the substance

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What Makes Up Taste?
Ben and Jerrys

• Sour
• Salty
• Bitter
• Sweet
• Flavor
• The combination of taste, smell, and touch
• You can detect flavors anywhere on the tongue

Blue Bell
Mayfields
Ice cream
Cold Stone
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Hearing

• If a tree falls in the forest and on one is
  there, does the tree make a sound?

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Hearing
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Sound Waves

• Loudness, determined by the amplitude of the
  sound wave (decibel)
• Pitch, determined by the frequency of the sound
  wave

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Process of Hearing

• Sound waves strike the eardrum
• Hammer, Anvil, and Stirrup
• Sequence of tiny bones in the middle ear that
  carry the vibrations to the inner ear
• Vibrations hit against the cochlea
• Contains fluids and Auditory nerves
• Auditory nerve turn sound vibrations into
  neuronal signals
• Found in the inner ear
• Tiny hair-like cells

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Deafness

• Types
• Conduction
• Occurs when anything hinders physical motion
  through the outer or middle ear or when the bones
  of the middle ear become rigid and cannot carry
  sound.
• Usually a hearing aid will help.
• Sensorineural
• Occurs from damage to the cochela, the hair
  cells, or the auditory neurons.
• A cochlear implant will be needed to hear sound.

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Tactile Senses
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The Skin Senses

• Your skin is your largest sense organ.
• Most sensitive skin areas are your face and
  fingertips
• Very sensitive
• 0.00004 of an inch of skin displacement will
  cause a sensation of pressure!
• Four kinds of information
• Pressure
• Warmth
• Cold
• Pain

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Process of Touch
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Pain
OW!

• Gate Control Theory of Pain
• Lessen some pains by focusing our attention away
  from the pain impulses
• OR sending sensation signals to compete with the
  pain signals
• Two Types
• Sharp, localized felt immediately after an injury
• Dull, generalized felt later after an injury

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Touch
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The Sixth Senses

• Vestibular
• Three semicircular canals located in the inner
  ear that provide a sense of balance.
• Kinesthetic
• The sense that provides information about the
  position and movement of individual body parts.

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Perception
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Trying to Catch a Fly

• The frogs bug detector shows the rigidity of
  reflexive behavior. If you sever the frogs
  optic nerve, it will grow back together, and the
  bug detector will still work fine. If you sever
  the optic nerve and then rotate the frogs eye
  180 degrees, the nerve will still heal and
  reestablish all the old connections however,
  this time the results will not be so good. The
  bug detector does not know that everything has
  been rotated, so it miscomputes a bugs location.
  If the bug is high, the frog shoots its tongue
  low. If the bug is to the right, the tongue goes
  to the left. The frog never learns to compensate
  for the changed situation.

from A Second Way of Knowing The Riddle of Human
Perception by Edmund Blair Bolles, 1991
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Inside Out Perception
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The Question

• Where does perception occur in the sensory
  organ, in the nerve, or in the brain?

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Perception

• The brain receives information from the senses
  and organizes and interprets it into meaningful
  experiences unconsciously.
• Our brains fill in the gaps

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Perceptual Organization

• Each whole that is organized by the brain is
  called a _________
• The brain creates a coherent perceptual
  experience
• More than the sum of all sensations

Gestalt
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Principles that people use in organizing such
patterns

• Proximity
• When we see a number of similar objects, we tend
  to perceive them as groups or sets of those that
  are close to each other.
• Continuity
• We tend to see continuous patterns, not disrupted
  ones.
• Similarity
• When similar and dissimilar objects are mingled,
  we see the similar objects as groups.
• Simplicity
• We see the simplest shapes possible.
• Closure
• When we see a familiar pattern or shape with some
  missing parts, we fill in the gaps.

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Proximity
???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ABCD
EFG HIJK LMNOP QRS TUV WX
YZ
Sing your ABCs does the pattern you learned
your ABCs fit the pattern of the dots? You
learned your ABCs in groups of letters, to fit
the tune Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star
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Continuity
C
B
D
A
Two curves or two pointed objects?
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Similarity
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Simplicity
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Closure
STAR
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Figure-Ground Perception

• The ability to discriminate properly between a
  figure and its background.

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Perceptual Inference

• Filling in the gaps.

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Synesthesia

• Hearing Colors
• All of her life, a woman, finally diagnosed with
  Synesthesia, had seen colors when she heard words
  or letters. She always saw yellow with hints of
  green when se heard the word king.
• Synesthesia is the mingling or swapping of
  sensory information in which stimulating one
  sense triggers conscious experience in another
  sense.
• 1 out of 25,000 people, result of a crossed
  wire in the brain?

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Subliminal Perception

• Subliminal perception occurs whenever stimuli
  presented below the threshold of awareness are
  found to influence thoughts, feelings, or
  actions.

http//www.youtube.com/watch?vLMzbwa6PvEE
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Depth Perception

• Monocular Depth Cues
• Used to perceive distance and depth.
• Can be perceived with only one eye.

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• Binocular Depth Cues
• Depends upon the movement of both eyes.

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Constancy

• The tendency to perceive certain objects in the
  same way regardless of changing angle, distance,
  or lighting.

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Illusions

• Perceptions that misrepresent physical stimuli.
• They are created when perceptual cues are
  distorted so that our brains cannot correctly
  interpret space, size, and depth cues.

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