International Marine and Offshore Engineering Conference

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International Marine and Offshore Engineering
Conference

• Use of Solar Energy as an Application of
  Renewable Energy on board Ferries between Saudi
  Arabia and Egypt
• BY
• Eng. Faisal Mohammed Al Jarboa
• B.SC. (ENG.)
• Authors
• Faisal M. I. Al Jarboa1 and Mohamed M. El
  Gohary2,3
•  
• 1 Saudi Ports Authority - General Directorate of
  Marine Affairs
• 2Maritime studies collage, King Abdulaziz
  University, Saudi Arabia Kingdom
• 3Department of Naval Architecture and Marine
  Engineering, Alexandria University, Egypt

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Main points
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Introduction

• Over the last 25 years, there has been increasing
  public concern over the nature and composition of
  the combustion by-products that are emitted from
  engine exhaust gases.
• The greatest attention was given to petrol
  engines because in their original form, these
  engines, excluding smoke or particulates,
  produced significantly higher emissions than
  diesel engines.

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Fossil fuel emissions

• Carbon dioxide CO2
• Carbon monoxide Co
• Oxides of nitrogen NOX
• Sulphur Oxides SOX

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IMO Regulations

• The main regulations of IMO includes reduction in
  sulphur oxide (SOx), nitrogen oxide (NOx), CO,
  CO2 emissions from ships.
• Progressive reductions in nitrogen oxide (NOx)
  emissions from marine engines were also agreed,
  with the most stringent controls on so-called
  "Tier III" engines, i.e. those installed on ships
  constructed on or after 1 January 2016, operating
  in Emission control Areas.

Sulphur limits in fuel () Sulphur limits in fuel () Date of limit application
Global SECA Date of limit application
4.5 1.5 by June 2010
4.5 1.0 by July 2010
3.5 1.0 2012
3.5 0.1 2015
0.5 0.1 2020 or 2025
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Renewable energy sources

• Renewable energy is energy generated from natural
  resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides,
  and geothermal heat, which are renewable.
• Renewable energy sources include
• Solar energy
• Wind power
• Ocean Energy ( Tidal Power , Wave Power , Ocean
  Thermal Energy Conversion , Hydropower )
• Bio fuel (Liquid bio fuel , Solid biomass ,
  Biogas )
• Geothermal energy

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Solar energy

• The majority of renewable energy technologies are
  powered by the sun which can be called solar
  energy.
• Economics are crucial to the success of any new
  energy utilization system, and solar energy
  technologies are no exception.
• At present, development of such technologies is
  in the stage in which prices are still coming
  down rapidly.

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Solar energy applications

• Solar energy can be applied in many ways,
  including to
• Generate electricity using photovoltaic solar
  cells.
• Generate electricity using concentrating solar
  power and solar towers.
• Generate hydrogen using photoelectrochemical
  cells.
• Heat water or air for domestic hot water and
  space heating needs using solar-thermal panels.
• Heat buildings, directly, through passive solar
  building design.
• Heat foodstuffs, through solar ovens.
• Solar air conditioning

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Types of solar energy

• Photovoltaic energy (PV)
• Crystalline silicon
• Thin film
• Concentrators
• Thermal Solar energy

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Photovoltaic energy (PV)
Photovoltaic cell
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Types of Photovoltaic energy (PV)Crystalline
silicon

• Crystalline silicon cells are quite widely used
  in most solar power plants.
• These types of cells contain two layers, positive
  layer and negative layer just like in most
  semiconductors.
• Positive layer exist on the top side whereas
  negative layer exists on button.
• Electric field is created within these layers.

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Crystalline silicon PV
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Thin film

• The percent of the photovoltaic products is the
  thin film cells is 12 , which are typically
  used in low power (lower than 50 W) and consumer
  electronics applications.
• The materials used are all strong light absorbers
  and only need to be about 1 micron thick.
• Thin films are potentially cheaper than
  crystalline silicon because of their lower
  materials costs and larger size.

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Thin film
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Concentrators

• In concentrator cells light is concentrated using
  lens to fall on solar cells to produce maximum
  energy as possible.
• By using concentrator cells lights intensity is
  increase by targeting on certain area, which in
  result increases electricity production.
• Most of concentrator cells produced these days
  are made up of crystalline silicon material.

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Concentrators
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Solar thermal electric power plants

• The second type of solar energy is solar thermal
  energy. Solar energy can be focused on a heat
  exchanger, and converted in a heat engine to
  produce electric power or applied to other
  industrial processes.
• Solar collectors are the heart of most solar
  energy systems. The idea of the thermal collector
  is that dark surface is exposed to solar
  radiation to absorbs the sun's radiation falling
  on it and transfer it into another fluid .

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Solar thermal electric power plants
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Main types of solar collector

• Flat-plate collectors
• Coated collectors
• Evacuated-tube collectors

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Case study specifications
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Technical specifications of Riyadh catamaran
ferry ship
Length overall 88.0 meters
Length (waterline) 77.3 meters
Beam (moulded) 24.0 meters
Hull depth (moulded) 8.25 meters
Hull draft (maximum) 4.3 meters
Passengers 1,200
Crew 18
Vehicles 120 cars
Maximum deadweight 555 tonnes
Main engines 4 x MTU 20V 8000 M71R 4 x 7,200 kW _at_ 1,150 rpm
Speed 34 knot
Generators 4 244 kw _at_ 1500 RPM
Classification Germanischer Lloyd with HSC Code
Fuel 160,000 liters
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• Using solar photovoltaic on board Riyadh
  catamaran ferry ship

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Sun Power crystalline silicon 300 W Solar Panel
Electrical data for 300 watt panel
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Photovoltaic Panel Performance
Current voltage characteristics for PV panels
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• From the case study bridge deck the available
  area presented in yellow color is 1288.42 m2 as
  shown in the following Figure and assuming the
  solar radiation in red sea is 1000 W/m2.
  Therefore, from 300 solar panel specifications
  peak power per unit area is 184 watt/unit area.

Available ship area at Bridge deck
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Different Photo voltaic systems efficiencies at
different years
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Annually generators fuel consumption
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Annually fuel saving at different number of
trips per week
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Reduced emissions and fuel consumption using
photovoltaic energy
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PV System Summary
Year Area available m2 PV Power kW PV cost /watt Annually Cost saving /year
2005 1288 237.1 3 ------
2010 1288 280 2.5 90,000
2015 1288 298 1.9 102,600
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Conclusions

• For available ship area 1288 m2, the PV systems
  gives 237.1 kW.
• This will save 303 ton/year in diesel generators
  fuel consumption.
• For the same area, it will give 298 kW in 2015.

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Conclusions

• Applying solar energy system has a lot of
  advantages which include reducing fuel
  consumption for ships , reducing the pollutant
  emissions which goes out into the atmosphere ,
  and saving the running costs. The use of solar
  collectors reduce the SOx, NOx,and CO2 emissions
  by 48 for generators emissions which is the
  gain of the current study.

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Thank you for attention