Final Regents Review:

1
Final Regents Review The Middle Ages
2
Periodization
Early Middle Ages 500 1000 High Middle Ages
1000 1250 Late Middle Ages 1250 - 1500
3
Roman Empire Collapses

• Officially in 476
• No Roman Government
• No protection from invading Barbarians
• Results
• Collapse of trade and towns
• Loss of literacy

4
Byzantine Empire

• Geographically
• Not much different than that of the old Roman
  Empire at is greatest extent
• Only thing different is the capital moves from
  Rome to Constantinople
• Peninsula surrounded almost totally by water
• Controlled shipping between Black and
  Mediterranean Seas
• Natural Harbors, Natural Crossroad for trade
• Wealthiest part of Roman Empire

5
Justinian

• Eastern Roman Emperor (527)
• Most important contribution
• Codification of Roman Law (Code of Justinian)
• The Body of Civil Law
• Law code is used in West and becomes basis for
  the European legal system

6
Justinian Theodoracampus.northpark.edu/history/
WebChron/EastEurope/Theodora.gif

• Wife of Justinian
• Served as major adviser to husband
• Other Plans
• Mobile Military
• New Military strategies and tactics
• Mix Greek culture and Roman Law

7
Church Problems

• Five churches Antioch, Constantinople,
  Jerusalem, Alexandria, and Rome
• Ideas that caused Problems
• Authority Pope (Bishop of Rome) claims authority
  over every church
• Language of services West (Latin), East
  (Vernacular language of the region)
• Use of Icons (symbols representing religious
  figures) West Uses Icon, East no Icons

8
Break in the Christian Church1054
Eastern Orthodox Church
Roman Catholic Church
www.religiousmall.com/rq_/pr_images/classic/02451.
jpg.htmlidreligionfactsdomainid2033
biblicalstudies.qldwide.net.au/roman_church_and_sy
mbols.jpg
9
Differences

• Roman Catholic
• Pope
• Services in Latin
• Uses icons
• Crosses themselves from left to right

• Eastern Orthodox
• Patriarch
• Services in the vernacular
• Little use of icon
• Cross themselves from right to left

10
Frankish Leaders pascale.olivaux.free.fr/Histoire/
Photos/Clovis.jpg

• Clovis
• First of Frankish leaders to convert to
  Christianity
• Pepin II
• Rules from 687-714
• Continues to unite Frankish kingdom

11
Frankish Leaderswww.omdurman.org/martel.jpg

• Charles Martel
• Defeated Tariq and the Moors (Spanish Muslims) at
  the Battle of Tours in 732
• Stops Islam invasion into Europe
• Who was the Greatest of all Frankish Rulers?

12
Charlemagne 768 to 814

• Rules from 768-814
• Greatest of all Frankish rulers
• Builds tremendous empire
• Spends most of life at war
• Declared Emperor of the Romans by Pope,
  December 25, 800

13
Charlemagne

• Man Athletic, well-spoken, charismatic, married
  4 times
• Administrator Delegated authority to nobles,
  Kept local laws in areas conquered, districts,
  Missi Dominici (Messengers of lord king)
• Conqueror aggressive Warrior, Strengthens
  Frankish Military
• Patron of Learning Revived classical studies,
  Preserved Latin Culture, Monastic and Palace
  schools

14
Importance of Charlemagne

• United most of Western Europe for first time
  since fall of Roman Empire
• Set up an efficient government
• Emphasized education

15
Charlemagnes Empire CollapsesTreaty of Verdun,
843
What become of Charlemagnes Empire? Charles the
Bald gt France Louis the German gt
Germany Lothair gt Rhineland (Alsace-Lorraine)
Germany and France will go to war over area many
times
16
New Barbaric Invaders

• Vikings
• from Northern Europe and Scandinavia
• also called Norsemen
• Most fishermen/farmers
• Very skilled in navigation
• Led numerous raids into England, France, Kiev,
  and Constantinople
• Used swords, spears, axes, and shields in battle
• Sold captives into slavery
• Magyars
• - invaded from the east
• - fierce warriors, fought on horseback
• - nomadic, at first
• - raids eventually crushed

• Muslims
• - Invaded from Northern Africa
• - Tried to take Spain
• - Changed tactics from large invasions to small
  raids
• - Raided Rome and stopped trade with Byzantine
  Empire
• - Forced Popes to turn to Franks (France) for
  help

17
Invasions Cease around 1000

• Reasons
• 1. Europeans find new and quicker ways
• to respond to guerilla attacks
• 2. Vikings (all invaders) gradually accept
• Christianity
• 3. Warmer climate allowed barbarians to
• stay home (Scandanavia/Greenland)

18
Feudalism
A political, economic, and social system based on
loyalty and military service.
Medieval life is built around war and military
service
19
Feudal Contract

• Based on relationship between the lord and the
  vassal
• Public ceremony

20
Lords Vassals

• Vassals
• Served higher lord in exchange for land and
  protection
• Raised own army
• Made payments (taxes) to lords
• Daughters marriage
• Ransoms
• Sons knighted

• Lords
• Mostly Nobles
• Ruled and protected people
• Controlled land
• Had own coinage
• Collected taxes
• Subordinates had to provide military system
• Built and lived in fortresses (castles)
• Played war games as well as fought battles

21
Castles

• Lived in by nobles
• Stone walls w/ lookouts
• Moats
• Drawbridges and iron gates
• Self sufficient

22
Role of Womenhumanities.ucsd.edu/courses/images/I
mage2Hum3.jpg

• Kept house
• Had and raised babies
• Made cloth
• Defense of the home

23
The Road to Knighthood
KNIGHT SQUIRE PAGE
24
Knightspapayne.rootsweb.com/knight-2.jpeg

• Followed CODE OF CHIVILRY
• Honor the following
• Heavenly lord
• Earthly lord
• Chosen lady
• Progression of Knighthood
• Age 7- trained as page
• Age 15 trained as squire
• Dubbed as knight when ready to be a worthy fighter

25
Chivalry

• Code of Honor, Ethics, and Behavior
• for Knights
• Defend Church and defenseless
• Treat captives as honored guests
• Fight only for Glory (not reward)
• Why has the proper treatment of women been seen
  as chivalrous?

26
Battle of Hastings

• 1066 Norman Conquest
• William of Normandy defeats King Harold of
  England
• William Crowned king Merges French
• and English culture, takes first census,
  Doomsday Book, (included people, manors, and farm
  animals)

27
Evolution of Englands Political System

• Henry I
• Williams son.
• set up a court system.
• Exchequer ? dept. of royal finances.

• Henry II
• established the principle of common law
  throughout the kingdom.
• grand jury.
• trial by jury.

28
Magna Carta, 1215

• King John I
• Runnymeade
• Great Charter
• monarchs were not above the law.
• kings had to consult a council of
  advisors.
• kings could not tax arbitrarily.

29
The Beginnings of the British Parliament

• Great Council
• middle class merchants, townspeople were added
  at the end of the 13c.
• eventually called Parliament.
• by 1400, two chambers evolved
• House of Lords ? nobles clergy.
• House of Commons ? knights and burgesses.

30
Medieval Universities
31
Rise of Universities

• First university located in Balogna, Italy
• Women were unable to attend first universities
• Other universities Paris, Oxford
• Approximately 80 universities by 1500

32
What do universities teach?

• Grammar, math, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic,
  geometry, music, and astronomy
• Used Lecture (to read) method of teachingWhy?
• No exams after a series of lectures
• Application for degree oral exam by committee
  of teachers (4 or 6 years of study)
• 1st Degree Bachelors, 2nd Degree Masters
• Could then study law, medicine, or theology
  (study of religion and God) may take 10 years
  or more to earn a doctorate

33
Life as a Monk

• Withdraw from society and temptations
• Serve God through fasting, prayer, and self-
  denial
• Inflicted suffering on themselves to gain closer
  relationship with God

34
Influential Monks

• St. Benedict
• Benedictine Rules of monastic behavior
• Vows of Poverty and Obedience
• Time and labor went to monastery
• St. Patrick
• Brought Christianity to Ireland
• St. Augustine
• Brought Christianity to England

35
A Medieval Monks Day
36
Political Definitions of the Church

• Canon Law law of the Catholic Church
• Excommunication expel from the church
• Interdict Stop administrating of sacraments in
  a whole region
• Heretics / Heresy people who have false
  teaching of the church

37
Holy Roman Empire

• Will last hundreds of years
• Very little accomplished because
• Weakened by internal division
• Rise of other European powers
• Ambitions of local nobles
• Power of Holy Roman Emperor declines to mere
  figurehead
• Creates a close and lasting tie between Germany
  and Italy

38
Problems of the Church

• Lay investiture church offices being given to
  non-clergy
• Simony buying of church offices by nobles
• Role of church in everyday affairs of the people
• Forcing Catholicism on non-Catholics

39
Henry IVwww.kidprintables.com/coloring/fantasy/cr
own.gif

• Gains throne in 1056 at age of 6
• Youth seen as weakness German nobles as well as
  Pope sees opportunity to regain control
• Conflict breaks out over

40
New Religious Orders

• Cistercians formed in 1098, by unhappy
  Benedictine monks strict, simple diet, single
  robe, took religion outside monastery
• Franciscans founded by Saint Francis of Assisi
  vow of poverty, preached repentance, simple life,
  lived in the world
• Dominicans founded by Dominic de Guzman defend
  Church from heresy, need for spiritual revival,
  vows of poverty

41
Lay Investiture

• Practice of giving of church offices by kings and
  nobles
• Conflict breaks out over issue
• Pope Gregory VII releases Germans from their
  allegiance to Henry IV
• Pope Gregory VII excommunicates Henry
• Henry fearing rebellion ask Gregory for mercy
• Goes to Popes winter home in Canossa
• Gregory makes him wait in freezing cold
  forgives him

42
Concordat of Worms

• Takes place in 1122
• Issue of Lay Investiture answered
• Limits power of Emperor could appoint Bishop
  for fiefs
• Pope had to appoint Bishops with spiritual power

43
How do we deal with heretics?

• The Inquisition
• Holy Office
• Find and try heretics
• Often used Dominicans as examiners
• If found guilty
• Forced to perform public penance acts
• Subject to punishments (flogging)
• No confession execution

44
The Power of the Medieval Church

• Control 1/3 of the land.
• Limit feudal warfare ? only 40 days a year
  for combat.
• curb heresies (speaking out against church) ?
  crusades Inquisition
• tithe ? 1/10 tax on your assets given to the
  church.
• Peters Pence ? 1 penny per person paid by
  the peasants.

45
Christian Crusades

• Purpose Liberate Holy Land from the infidels
  (non-believers), the Muslims
• 1096 - Pope Urban II calls on Christians to start
  Crusades
• First Crusades French warriors push east take
  Holy City from Muslims in 1099, citizens
  massacred in process
• Second Crusade 1140s, Muslims taking power back
  French and German leaders try to push out
  Muslims (Absolute failure)

46
Leaders during Third Crusade

• Frederick Barbarossa (Germany), Richard the
  Lionhearted (England), Phillip II Augustus
  (France)
• 1187 Muslim leader Saladin, a Muslim, takes
  Jerusalem
• 1189 Problems encountered
• Barbarossa drowns while swimming
• France and England successful at sea, but failed
  as they moved inland
• Phillip retreats home, Richard I signs truce with
  Saladin
• Christians can still go to Jerusalem

47
Late Crusades

• Pope Innocent III calls for 4th Crusade
• Constantinople taken in 1204 by Crusaders,
  eventually lost in 1261 when Byzantine Empire is
  revived
• Other Crusades follow, including a Childrens
  Crusade 1,000,000 dead

48
Christian Crusades East and West
49
Effects of Crusades

• Trade increased because of the need for weapons,
  food, and other supplies
• Muslim Culture and faith spreads
• Kings gain power (so they can prevent rebellions
  and other problems)
• Jews are persecuted

50
Agricultural Changes

• Population increases ? Food Production Increases
• Why did food production rise?
• Climate change
• Land could be cultivated
• Technological innovations were made
• Carruca (plow)
• Shift from two-field to three-field system only
  1/3 of land lay fallow instead of 1/2
• Manorial System
• Agricultural estate ran by a lord ond worked by
  peasants/serfs

51
Two-Three Field System
Field One 1st year Fallow 2nd year Crop 1
Field Two 1st year Crop 2nd year Fallow
Field One 1st year Crop 1 2nd year Crop 2 3rd year - Fallow
Field Two 1st year Crop 2 2nd year Fallow 3rd year Crop 1
Field Three 1st year Fallow 2nd year Crop 1 3rd year Crop 2
52
Agricultural Changes

• Cycle of Labor
• The peasants cycle of labor explained peasants
  job tasks each month of the year
• Medieval diet
• Bread (w/ barley, millet, and oats)
• Cheese
• Nuts, berries, fruits, grains
• Wine

53
Four Basic Rights of Townspeople

1. Freedom Anyone lived in town for a year and a
   day was free, including serfs
2. Exemption Any townspeople were exempt from
   working on a manor
3. Town Justice Towns had their own courts
4. Commercial privileges Townspeople could trade
   freely in the town market but outsiders would be
   taxed

54
Major Cities
Italy Genoa Pisa Venice Northern Europe Kiev Flanders Bruges Ghent Hanseatic League Breman Hamburg Lubeck
55
Medieval Guilds
Guild Hall

• Commercial Monopoly
• Controlled membership apprentice ? journeyman
  ? master craftsman
• Controlled quality of the product masterpiece.
• Controlled prices

56
Benefits of Guilds

1. Set wages and pay
2. Set standards of quality
3. Sick pay for members Benevolence packages

57
Frederick I (Barbarossa)www.bredalsparken.dk/sor
en-kretzschmer/Frederick_Barbarossa.jpg

• Rules from 1152 1190
• Also called the Red Beard
• Wanted to control trade-rich northern Italy
  (Lombardy)
• City-states of Lombardy unite to form Lombard
  League to stop invasion of Frederick

58
Battle of Legnanowww.threemonkeysonline.com/image
s/articles/legnano.jpg

• Takes place on May 29, 1176
• Lombard League takes on Frederick and his forces
  in Legnano
• Victory for the Lombard League

59
Italy divided into three regions

• Northern Italy Lombard League
• Central Italy Papal States
• Southern Italy controlled by Sicily

Attempts to unite Italy and Germany into one
empire failed
60
Pope Innocent IIIwww.flholocaustmuseum.org/histor
y_wing/assets/room1/pope_innocent_iii.jpg

• Pope from 1198-1216
• Saw rulers of Europe as servants of the church
• Had major conflict with King John
• Places interdict on England
• Closed churches and withheld sacraments

61
Philip IVwww3.tky.3web.ne.jp/jafarr/A20Portrait
20of20King20Philip20IV202.html

• To control church goes as far as arresting Pope
  Boniface II
• After Bonifaces death (under somewhat
  questionable circumstances) will influence the
  election of Clement V
• Moves papacy to France causing

62
The Great Schism

• The Pope, Clement V, supposedly fearing violence
  in Rome moves Papacy to Avignon, France
• Rome then selects another Pope, creating two
  will eventually have three
• Council of Constance forced all three to resign
  and appoints one