Debate II: Speaker Responsibilities

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Debate II Speaker Responsibilities

• Doris L. W. Chang

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Presentation Outline

• Speaker Order and Responsibilities (Goodnight
  22-31)
• 1st AC (affirmative constructive speech)
• 1st NC
• 2nd AC
• 2nd NC
• 1st NR
• 1st AR
• 2nd NR
• 2nd AR
• Tips on Debate Practices (Manish Vij)
• In-class Informal Debate Practice

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Speaker Responsibilities (Goodnight 22)
1st AC Presents reasons for change (contentions or advantages) and solution
1st NC Challenges aff. Def. of terms, topicality, refutes aff. contentions or advantage
2nd AC Rebuilds aff. Case, refutes neg. arguments, extends remaining aff. arguments.
2nd NC Refutes aff. plan-workability, solvency, disadvantages
1st NR Refutes, extends, develops case arguments introduced by 2nd AC
1st AR Responds to all negative arguments (2 NC 1 NR)
2nd NR Extends negative arguments on case or plan. Choose Voting Issues in conclusion.
2nd AR Answers negatives objections extended by 2nd NR, and re-establish the aff. case.
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1st AC--Strategy

• Strategy
• --to present the strongest possible case for the
  proposition
• --to leave the affirmative in a strong offensive
  position

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1st AC Duties

1. A brief, pleasant introduction that capsulize the
   affirmatives approach
2. The resolution (proposition)
3. Definition of key terms in the proposition
4. Aff. justification for change
5. Aff. Plan
6. Plan Advantages
7. Brief summary of the aff. Case.

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1st AC Outline

1. Introduction
2. Statement of the resolution
3. Definition of terms
4. Inherency
5. Significance
6. Presentation of the plan
7. Solvency of the plan (need case)
8. Advantages of the plan (comparative advantage
   case optional for need case.)

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1st NC Strategy

• To maintain the validity of the present system
• To take the offensive away from the aff.
• To expand the debate beyond the arguments
  presented in the 1st AC speech.

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1st NC Duties

1. A brief intro. and explanation of the negatives
   philosophy in the debate
2. The neg.s organization for analyzing the aff.
   Arguments.
3. Challenge the aff. Definition of terms.
4. Challenge the aff. topicality
5. Defend the present system by summarizing its aims
   effectiveness in meeting its goals.
6. Show that the aff. failed to justify its proposal
   to change the present system
7. Briefly summarize the neg. position in the
   debate.

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1st NC Outline

• Introduction statement of the neg. philosophy.
• Challenge aff. definition of terms
• with counter-evidence quote of authority
• Challenge topicality
• carefully explain why the aff. case does not
  fall within the bounds of the resolution.
• Structure each refutation
• State the aff. point to be refuted, using aff.
  Labels
• State your position relative to the aff.
  Contention
• Present evidence for the neg. point
• Explain Cs impact on the aff. Case
• Restate your position.
• Restatement of the neg. philosophy or summary of
  the negs overall impact on the aff. Case.

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2nd AC Strategy

• to uphold the aff. burden of proof,
• to remain on the offensive and
• to narrow the range of arguments.

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2nd AC Duties

• Give a brief introduction
• Prove that the aff. case justifies the topic
• by re-establishing the aff. def. of terms and
  topicality, if challenged.
• Reestablish the aff. Justification for change.
• Prove that the harm exists, is significant, and
  is likely to grow worse if nothings done
• Demonstrate that the harm is caused by the
  present system. (or prove the advantages are
  unique to the aff. plan.
• Review aff. arguments that havent been attacked
  so far.
• Briefly summarize

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2nd AC Outline

• Intro. Overview of the debate thus far
• Show the relationship between aff. case and neg.
  philosophy
• Defend def. of terms or topicality, if needed
• Re-establish the aff. Inherency, answer neg.
  refutation
• Attack any neg. constructive materials
• Use aff. contentions to refute its philosophy
  or defense of the present system.
• Summarize, emphasizing arguments dropped by the
  neg. and arguments carried by aff.

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2nd NC Strategy

• To outline plan workability and solvency problems
  and disadvantages to adopting the aff. plan.

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2nd NC Duties

1. Outline the 2nd NC speech plan, road map
2. Show why the aff. proposal is unworkable
3. Challenge the aff. justification for change Show
   why the aff. plan will not solve the problems.
4. Detail the disadvantages of the aff. planprovide
   well-developed disadvantages with supporting
   evidences
5. Briefly conclude. (prove disadvantages outweigh
   advantages if adopting the aff. proposition).

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2nd NC Outline

• Introduction with ref. to the neg. philosophy by
  1st NC. Preview 2nd NC speech.
• Workability attack specific elements of the aff.
  Plan.
• Solvency prove that the aff. plan cannot achieve
  the advantages the aff. claimed
• Disadvantages develop all attacks to prove that
  even if the aff. Plan could meet the need,
  disadvantages outweigh advantages. (see
  Goodnight 27 for ex.)

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1st NR Strategy

• To extend the negatives case attacks
• To create a complete unit (block) of the neg.
  position
• Tips relate the NR conclusion to the neg.
  position on case, and its plan objections.
• --establish that the need doesnt exist
• --that even if it did, the plan is significantly
  unable to meet the need.
• --that there shall be more disadvantages than
  advantages.

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1st NR Duties

• Challenge the aff. def. of terms
• -- if still unacceptable, drop it if the aff. has
  adequately defended it.
• Refute the 2nd AC arguments and extend the neg.
  explanation why the case is not topical, if it is
  the case.
• Choose key points in the 1st NCs speech, refute
  aff. objections, explain why the points are the
  most important arguments in the debate
• Examine the aff. justification for change again
• Give a summary of the negative block.

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1st AR Strategy

• To further the aff. strategies of fulfilling the
  burden of proof,
• To validate the aff. plan,
• To narrow the debate both on case and on plan
• Tips in a 5 min. rebuttal speech, spend 2-2.5
  min. on plan attacks and the balance on case.

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1st AR Duties

1. Refute the neg.s plan objections
2. Consolidate as many arguments as possible.
3. Point out the neg. flaws in reasoning, and
   missing links in arguments.
4. Show how neg. disadvantages are really aff.
   adventages.
5. Rebuilt the aff. case at major points of attack.
   Narrow the debate by focusing on key issues and
   explain why they are important.
6. Consolidate as many 1st NR arguments as possible
7. Briefly summarize the strengths of the aff. case.

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2NR Strategy

• To identify the case arguments the neg. views as
  voting issues in order to win the round
• To demonstrate that the significance of the
  disadvantages outweighs the advantages or the
  solvency of the affirmative harm.
• Tips the 1st NR 2nd NR should communicate
  well.
• 1st NR could identify the voting issues on the
  case while 2nd NR could identify those on the
  plan.
• The 2nd NR could also begin with the most
  important voting issues and end with the least
  important if time is limited.
• Think, communicate, and stay organized

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2nd NR Duties

1. Give a brief intro. and road map of the speech
   direction
2. Briefly re-establish topicality and def. of terms
   challenges, if still applicable.
3. Re-establish key case arguments as voting issues
   and extend them for the neg.
4. Review plan objections and disadvantages, refute
   the aff. responses, and show issues the aff.
   neglected to discuss.
5. Summarize the negative position, call for
   rejection of the proposition.

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2nd AR Strategy

• To put the debate in perspective, continue to
  advance the aff.s basic strategies in the
  debate.
• Tips
• Clarify muddled or confused arguments. The 2nd
  AR should explain what the arguments mean in
  terms of the context of the debate round.
• E.g. the 2nd AR might demonstrate why the
  advantages or solvency of the aff. harm outweigh
  a disadvantage the neg. may be winning.

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2nd AR Duties

1. Give a brief intro. and road map of the speech
2. Extend answers to plan objections
3. Refute major disadvantages
4. Group neg. arguments where possible
5. Try to center the speech on 3 or 4 major
   arguments the aff. cas depends on. Explain why if
   they differ from the key arguments identified by
   the neg.
6. Review the basic aff. Analysis and call for
   acceptance of the proposition.

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Tips on Debate Practice

• Voting Issues
• Tips for individual debaters

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The Voting Issues by Manish Vij
Issue Aff Neg
Significance There's a big problem. The problem is small.
Inherency The status quo is not solving the problem. Status quo is solving.
Plan Here's our plan to solve the problem.
Solvency Here's why our plan solves the problem. Plan does not solve the problem.
Advantages In addition to solving the problem, our plan has the following advantages. Advantages are not significant.
Topicality Our plan fits under the resolution. The plan does not address the resolution.
Disadvantages Our plan does not cause these disadvantages. The plan harms more than it helps.
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1st AC

• Prepared should sound like oratory
• Practiced
• Memorized intro and conclusion
• Good transitions between cards
• If you have good ev, don't save it for later -
  use it here
• Should lead into 2AC
• Not too much structure never beyond I. A. 1.
• You can preempt
• Don't define terms (preempt topicality)

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1st NC

• Road map
• Run plan-side arguments first
• Disads, topicality, counterplans
• Use a separate flow pad
• Next, hit case (inherency, significance,
  solvency)
• Don't go card by card answer red flag issues
  (crucial to winning the round)
• Attack the rationale behind cards
• Don't ask questions make arguments!
• Allocate sufficient time to put out case
  arguments
• Save evidence for extensions

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2nd AC

• Road map
• Pull points that 1NC dropped and extend
  throughout round
• Answer DAs, topicality, counterplans first
• Put out at least 7 responses to each disad
  (analysis ok)
• Put out turns on disads but don't double-turn
  (links impacts)
• Put out a variety of independent responses
• Next, at least two-point each case argument
• Don't drop anything
• You will have to group Neg arguments

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2nd NC

• Decide who will do what in the Neg Block
• Road map
• Bury the Aff 3-point each response to your
  disad(s)
• Extend the parts of the disads that you'll go for
  
• Grant a disad you're losing by granting
  everything that is not a turn
• Uniqueness, link, brink
• Bury 2AC arguments

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1st NR

• Rules
• Use no prep time unless the disad isn't buried
  yet
• Read evidence
• Write speech during 2NC
• Pick out your round-winner and bury Aff responses

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1st AR

• Toughest speech in round because it follows the
  negative block
• Use 2AC structure to avoid putting out new
  arguments
• Road map
• Answer new disads from 2NC
• Next, go to old disads, topicality, counterplan
• If the disads have been buried
• Use 2AC structure to refer to 2NC responses
• Don't go through all Neg responses
• It takes only one good response remaining to beat
  a disad
• Go to case
• Pull important arguments and cards
• Don't be too specific and don't explain there's
  no time!
• Beat round-winner by grouping Neg arguments

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2nd NR

• Road map
• Use all your prep time
• Ask your partner which arguments to pull during
  the first or last 30 seconds of cross-ex
• Beat all Aff responses to disads by grouping
• Pull specific arguments from 1NR, 2NC
• Extend disad impacts
• Go down round-winning stock issue
• Slime control remind judge that no new arguments
  are allowed in 2AR, and if the other team tries
  to slime, judge should drop them.
• In last thirty seconds, paint the picture. Write
  the ballot for the judge.
• Burden of proof If the judge has any doubt in
  his mind on any issue, he should vote Neg. New
  policies are inherently unknown and risky.

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2nd AR

• Road map
• Extend respond to one or two Neg arguments on
  disads win one
• Weigh Aff policy vs. status quo - write the
  ballot
• Refer to 2AC structure and to make the debate
  sound as if it's on your ground
• In last 30 seconds, paint the picture. Write the
  ballot for the judge.
• Risk theory If voting aff has even a 1 chance
  of saving a life, the judge should vote aff.

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How to Win Rounds

1. Be clear. Judges tune out of murky debates.
2. Sound like you are winning - even if you aren't.
   It intimidates the other team and helps you with
   the judge.
3. Keep your options open. Put out a lot of
   arguments initially, so no one can bury them all.
   Then focus and find your round-winners.

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How to Win Rounds

• 4. Don't bet the round on a trick. Don't argue in
  2AR that response X, when combined with argument
  Y, turns disad Z and gives you the victory.
  Judges can't or won't follow it.
• 5. Simplify at the end. Write the ballot in the
  last 20 seconds. Make it clear why you win. Aff
  compare your policy with the status quo. Neg go
  down stock issues and stress that you must only
  win one.

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How to Win Rounds

• In league, on the Neg, put out case
  presses/evidence presses, then read evidence.
  Teams who want an evidence war will drop the
  presses and just read evidence. This really can
  make you look good if you play up the dropped
  presses.
• This is called Manny and John-style debating,
  named after Homestead-A 1987-88, M. Varadarajan
  and J. Riemenschnitter. (They qualed for Nats
  doing this.) It helps to have a long last name.

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How to Win Rounds

• 7. It's ok to go slightly fast in league. It may
  even make you look more intelligent. Caveat That
  means faster than oratory pace, but not even
  close to a spread.
• 8. Humor! Be very cautious and appropriate with
  this, but if you can get a judge to laugh - and
  this requires a very delicate sense of
  appropriateness - the judge is yours.

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Your Turn to Practice

• Divide the class into two debate camps
• Group 4 members on one team for the following
  debate practices. Decide which small team will
  represent your camp each time.
• Formulate a proposition
• Decide the debaters and orders
• Brainstorm for debate preparation, be sure all
  debaters are clear about his/her responsibilities
• In-class debate practices.

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Works Cited

• Goodnight, Lynn. Getting Started in Debate.
  2nd Ed. Lincolnwood, Chicago NTC, 1994.
• Vij, Manish. Introduction to Team Debate.
• April 10, 2006. lthttp//www.vij.com/debate/ gt
• Online Debate
• lthttp//debate.navidot.com/cgi- bin/dbate_m.pl
  gt

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Have Fun Debating!