Chapter 6 Feudal Europe and Japan

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Chapter 6Feudal Europe and Japan
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Question

• What is feudalism?

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Defining the Middle Ages
The time period has also been called the Middle
Ages and the Dark Ages
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Europe during the 6th Century
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Europe After the Roman Empire

• Rise of Germanic Kingdoms
• The fall of Rome marked the end of the ancient
  world and the beginning of a new era.
• This period from 500-1500 is known as the Middle
  Ages, Medieval Period or Dark Ages because not
  much was written at this time has come down to
  us.
• There were many changes in Europe where new
  kingdoms were set up in the lands the Germanic
  invaders had conquered.

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II. A Conquering People

1. In 481, the 15 year old warrior Clovis became
   king of the Franks and led 30 years of war to
   expand his territory.
2. This kingdom will be known as the Frankish
   kingdom and will include parts of modern day
   France and Germany.
3. After the collapse of Rome the only stability
   that existed was through the church of Rome.
4. Monks were forming religious groups known as
   monasteries where they devoted themselves to
   preserving the ideas of ancient Rome and Greece
   as well as church writings.
5. The church supported Clovis because it wanted to
   continue to serve Christians in the areas ruled
   by the Franks. Once he was baptized he was
   supported and encouraged to spread Christianity.

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• CLOVIS

• FRANKISH KINGDOM

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III. A New Royal Family

1. The sons and grandsons of Clovis were more
   interested in squabbling among themselves than in
   ruling the kingdom.
2. A new family rose to power from within the kings
   household. The Mayors of the Palace, officials
   of the king, were the kingdoms real rulers.
3. It was a Mayor of the Palace, Charles Martel or
   Charles the Hammer, who defeated Muslim invaders
   from Spain at Tours, France. Martels victory
   against the Islamic armies in 732 made him a
   hero. It is said that he saved northern Europe
   for Christianity.
4. In 751, Martels son, Pepin, was recognized as
   king with the blessing of the church.
5. King Pepins son Charles, who was called
   Charlemagne who also ruled with the support of
   the church.

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IV. Charlemagnes Empire

• In 800, Charlemagne marched into Italy to help
  Pope Leo III put down a rebellion there. When
  Charlemagne rose from kneeling at the alter on
  Christmas day, the pope surprised him by crowning
  him emperor.
• He did not know how to read or write himself so
  he encouraged learning in his kingdom.
• Tried to educated the clergy and rid the church
  of corruption.
• As he grew old his empire began to be attacked
• Magyars from the east, the Muslims from North
  Africa and Spain and from Scandinavia the
  Vikings.
• E. All this was someone elses problem,
  Charlemagne died at the age of 72.

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• Charlemagne 742-814

• Conquest of Charlemagne

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V. Europe After Charlemagne

1. Charlemagnes son Charles the Pious lacked his
   fathers shrewdness and strength. Long before he
   died in 840 , his sons, Lothair, Charles, and
   Louis were fighting for control of the empire.
   For a while they divided it among themselves.
2. The empire broke up and the Vikings found Europe
   falling apart and ready for the taking.

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Charlemagnes Empire CollapsesTreaty of Verdun,
843
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Reflection

• Now that you learned about it explain what the
  Middle Ages is.

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VI. The Vikings

1. The Vikings sailed out of Scandinavia into
   coastal villages through Europe, plundering,
   killing, burning, and taking prisoners. By the
   time a local army arrived, the Vikings were gone.
   
2. In time they grew bolder, establishing camps from
   which they raided the countryside.

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Question

• Describe what characteristics you think a ruler
  of a European kingdom should have.

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VII. Medieval England

• During the 800s, England suffered most at the
  hands of the Vikings, who launched attacks along
  the coast.
• England was saved only by the tough resistance of
  the Anglo-Saxon king, Alfred the Great who fought
  the Vikings until his death in 899.

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The Rise of European Monarchies in England
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VIII. A New Ruler

1. When King Edward, a descendent of Alfred, died
   childless, the right of the English throne came
   into question.
2. As English assembly chose Edwards brother-in-law
   Harold as king. But Edwards cousin William, Duke
   of Normandy in France felt his right to the
   throne was stronger. He said that Edward had
   promised him the kingdom.
3. William and his Norman army invaded England. On
   October 14, 1066, at the Battle of Hastings,
   Williams Norman forces defeated Harolds Saxon
   infantry.
4. King William the Conqueror was a descendant of
   the Vikings who settled in France. He took the
   land from Harolds followers and controlled it by
   using a system known as feudalism.

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• F. Hierarchies developed they were orders of
  rank and authority within different classes of
  people or organizations.
• G. Under the feudal system he established in
  England, King William ruled all of England.
• H. He gave large estates, called fiefs, to the
  warriors who had served him.
• I. The new landowners became his subjects, or
  vassals. In exchange for the land awarded to
  him, each vassal swore an oath of fealty to the
  king. The vassal promised to remain loyal to his
  lord. He also promised to provide his lord with
  armed, mounted soldiers or knights, for military
  army.

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• J. Williams vassals, in turn, granted parts of
  their fief to other people. The kings vassals
  became lords with vassals of their own. These
  vassals became lords to individual knights.
• K. Each vassal swore an oath of fealty to his
  lord. All levels of society were bound by loyalty
  and by need, to their king.

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Tapestry of the Battle of Hastings 1066 C.E.
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VIII. A New Order

• Feudalism was a social and political system that
  developed in Europe after the fall of the Roman
  Empire and lasted until about 1200.
• This system was rooted in peoples need for
  protection against invaders and in landowners
  needs for defense.
• Without Roman administrators or soldiers, small
  farmers tuned to powerful landowners for
  protection.
• People received protection in return for service
  as soldiers or for turning over title and
  ownership of their land to the larger landowners
• With feudalism came new relationships among
  people.
• You do not have these in
  your notes!

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FeudalismA political, economic, and social
system based on loyalty and military service.
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• Feudal serfs

• A French vassal receiving a feudal grant from the
  king

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The Feudal Power Relationship
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Knights

• Elite military soldiers
• Usually from the noble classes
• Stages of training page, squire, knight
• Chivalry

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The Road to Knighthood

• KNIGHT
• SQUIRE
• PAGE

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Reflection

• What are the similarities between European and
  Japanese feudalism?

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Chapter 6 Lesson 2Daily Life in Feudal Europe
Question What do you think life was like during
the Middle Ages?
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I. The Feudal System

1. After the victory at the blood-soaked field of
   the Battle of Hastings went to William the
   Conqueror, life in England changed for many.
2. William planned to rule in peace, using the
   system of feudalism that was already in place in
   France.
3. Vassals paid homage or showed honor, to their
   lords. The word homage comes from the French word
   for man. the vassal was to be the lords man in
   body, mind, and spirit.
4. In 1066, feudalism was not fully developed in
   England and William wanted to change this.
5. William ordered a survey to be taken of the
   ownership of every bit of land in England. The
   results of the survey were written in The Great
   Domesday Book, which became a valuable source of
   information for the kings tax agents.
6. Then William distributed the land as fiefs to his
   Norman followers.

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II. Life in the Country

1. William and his Norman lords built fortified
   castles on their fiefs all over the island
   kingdom of England.
2. By 1100, several hundred castles had been built
   throughout the countryside. These Norman
   fortresses helped to shape the lives of the
   kings, lords, and knights who made up the
   nobility.

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The Medieval Manor
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Serfs at work
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III. Nobles

1. For the lord of the fief, a castle might be home.
   For others who lived on his land, it was both a
   center for feudal life and a place of safety
   during battle.
2. A Norman castle was usually built at the top of a
   hill and surrounded by a deep trench, or moat.
   The Norman castle was build for security not
   comfort.

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IV. Life in a Castle

1. The lord and lady of the castle usually slept
   behind a curtain in the main dining hall. Also
   sleeping in the hall might be a small mob of
   knights, guests, servants, and dogs. The floor
   was covered with herbs to keep down the smell of
   bones and other refuse.
2. Life in a castle was far from glamorous. The
   knight was often the landless younger son of a
   lords vassal. The lord provided the knight with
   food, lodging, armor, and a horse in exchange for
   his services.
3. But between wars the castles knights fought
   among themselves or bullied the servants unless
   the lord of the castle kept an eye on them
4. The lady of the castle had very little power,
   except over female servants. Medieval women were
   supposed to be subject to their husbands and
   fathers, just as vassals were subject to their
   lords.
5. When their husbands were at war, women took over
   the manor, the entire castle and entire estate.

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V. Peasants

1. The lords castle might be a cold, drafty
   fortress. But the peasants, or serfs, who lived
   in the village n the lords estate, had even less
   comfortable homes.
2. They typically lived with their animals in a hut
   with a straw roof which helped to heat the hut.
3. Peasants worked hard on land they did not own by
   farming. The women produced food and clothing
   for her own household.

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Reflection

• How was life different for the peasant and for
  the nobles? Explain the differences.

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Question

• How do you think life in the towns would differ
  from those who live on manors? What advantages
  or disadvantages might each have?

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VI. Clergy

1. The influence of the clergy- from pope,
   archbishop and bishops to priests, monks, and
   nuns-extended to every part of medieval life.
2. Most medieval manors included a small church.
   From baptism to marriage to burial, the
   ceremonies of the church guided the lives of
   medieval men and women.
3. People saw their life on earth as a brief
   preparation for the eternal life to come. They
   believed only a few would spend eternity in
   heaven. Many sinners, people believed, would
   spend eternity in the flames of hell.
4. The power to condemn or to forgive sinners made
   the church a considerable force.
5. Many people joined the church to acquire status
   and influence.

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VII. The Monastery

1. Thousands of monks, nun, and servants also lived
   and worked in large stone structures.
2. A monastery was a complex community with many
   different buildings-granaries, breweries,
   bakeries, with huge ovens, wineries, and the
   abbey church and library.
3. Inside the library monks copied handwritten
   books.
4. The nuns and monks taught children, fed the poor,
   cared for the sick, provided shelter to travelers.

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A Medieval Monks Day
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A Medieval Monastery The Scriptorium
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VIII. Life in the Town

1. Not all people lived in feudal manors or
   monasteries. Peasants seeking freedom, younger
   sons of nobles seeking a fortune, and scholars
   seeking new ideas left the country manor or
   towns.
2. Narrow crowded streets with wooden houses showed
   up against each other with hardly any light that
   became the center of trade.
3. Trade flourished and the towns grew.

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IX. Guilds

• Shoemakers, blacksmiths, tailors, weavers, bakers
  banded together with others for their trade to
  form guilds.
• A guild was a union of people who practiced a
  trade. Guilds for each trade limited the number
  of people who could practice that trade.

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• Apprentice
• Guild member for several years
• Until he mastered his basic skills
• Became a journeyman or skilled worker and
  received pay for his work
• Create a masterpiece and present it for
  membership into the guild.
• Became an expert and joined the guild

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Guild Hall
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Medieval Guilds A Goldsmiths Shop
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Crest of a Coopers Guild
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X. Discrimination Against Jews

1. Many European Jews also lived in towns because
   they were not allowed to own land. However, they
   did not become craftspeople, because they were
   also not allowed to join guilds.
2. Many Jews were merchants while others were money
   lenders since this was the only trade forbidden
   to Christians.
3. As trade became important, Jews became wealthy.
4. During this period, Jews often suffered at the
   hands of Christians who envied their wealth and
   used their religion as an excuse to persecute
   them.

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XI. The Forces of Change

• The towns is where feudalism began to die.
• Eventually, the feudal monarchy that was
  established in England would change.
• After Williams death in 1087, the followers he
  had rewarded with feudal fiefs grew more and more
  powerful through increased payments from towns
  that grew on their land.
• When Williams great-great-grandson son John took
  the thrown in 1199 the land owners had a lot of
  power and were outspoken.
• John led England into many losing wars and lost
  all of his land in the north of France and this
  angered the vassals who held fiefs in that
  region.
• Because of a disagreement between John and the
  pope, the church closed their doors to the people
  of England.

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XII. The Magna Carta

1. Many lords renounced their allegience to John and
   in June of 1215 forced his seal on a document-The
   Magna Carta.
2. The Magna Carta focused on the rights of nobles.
   It gave the lords certain rights that a king
   could not take away.
3. This subjected the king to the rule of law which
   will be the basis for future reforms and the Bill
   of Rights.
4. The signing of the Magna Carta signaled the
   beginning of feudalisms decline.
5. The ideas of personal freedom and liberty were
   now firmly planted.

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Reflection

• How was clergy life in the monastery different
  from that of life in towns and why did many
  people discriminate against the Jews?