A (Quick) Historical Panorama of Information Technologies

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A (Quick) Historical Panorama of Information
Technologies
Lionel Brunie National Institute of Applied
Sciences (INSA) LIRIS Laboratory/DRIM Team UMR
CNRS 5205 Lyon, France http//liris.cnrs.fr/lione
l.brunie
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Agenda

• Back to (pre-)History
• A Quick Look at Cutting-Edge IC Technologies
• Super Computing
• Large Scale Computing Grid and Cloud Computing
• Mobile, Ubiquitous and Pervasive Computing
• The Internet of Things
• How all this has happened?
• Technological Evolutions
• Software Evolutions

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A short history of computers and IT
60 years ago
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A short history of computers and IT
25 years ago
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A short history of computers and IT
Today
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A short history of computers and IT
Tomorrow ?
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A Quick Look at Cutting Edge IT
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Lets have a look at cutting edge IT

• Super Computing
• Grid and Cloud Computing
• Mobile, Ubiquitous and Pervasive Computing
• The Internet of Things

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Super ComputingFrom Vector Machines to Clusters
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Old times

• Basic ideas
• A super computer is like a Ferrari ? use
  specific components
• Super computing is like F1 or WRG ? adapt to the
  application scenario
• Vector Computer (Cray)
• Database Computer
• An alternative idea
• Super SIMD (Connection
• Machines)
• Incredible creativity in
• architecture and network design

A Cray-2
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2013 The Tianhe-2 (Milky Way-2)

• Ranked 1st in the top500 list of the most
  powerful (computing intensive) computers (June
  2013)
• Ranked 6th in the graph500 list of the most
  powerful (data intensive processing) computers
  (June 2013)
• Ranked 32nd in the green500 list of the most
  energy efficient computer (June 2013)
• China (National University of Defense Technology)

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2013 The Tianhe-2 (Milky Way-2)

• Rmax 33862 (i.e., 33,9 Pflops) Rpeak 54902
  (computing efficiency 61,7 )
• 3,120,000 cores Memory 1.375 PB Disk 12,4
  PB fat-tree based Interconnection Network
• 16000 computer nodes
• 1 node 2 Intel (12 cores) Ivy Bridge Xeon 3
  (57 cores) Xeon Phi co-procs 88GB memory shared
  by the Ivy Bridges procs 8 GB memory shared by
  the Xeon Phi chips
• Power17,8 MW (1,9 Tflops/kW 1,9 Gflops/W
  only!)
•  Tianhe-2 operation for 1 hour is equivalent to
  1.3 billion people calculator operating one
  thousand years  (best-news.us assertion not
  checked)

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2013 2 The Titan (Cray XK7)

• Ranked 2nd in the top500 list (1st in Nov. 2012)
• 299008 cores Memory 710 TB Cray Gemini
  Interconnect
• 18688 Opteron 6274 16 cores 2.200GHz 18,688
  Nvidia Tesla K20X GPUs
• Rmax 17590 Rpeak 27112 (computing
  efficiency 65 )
• Power 8.2 MW only!

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Supercomputing A Quick Look at the Web

• Top500.org
• performance development
• logarithmic progression! (x10 in 3years)
• clusters, clusters (84)!
• 54 in industry
• max power efficiency 2.9 Gflops/W
• 500 96 TFlops! Total 223 Pflops
• poster Top500
• Graph500.org
• BlueGene
• Green500.org and GreenGraph500
• List
• max 3,2 Gflops/W
• 1 green500 467 top500 (1 T00flops)
• 1 top500 32 green500

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Large Scale Computing the GridResource Sharing
and CooperativeComputing in Large-Scale Dynamic
Virtual Organizations
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Grid Computing The LCG Architecture
Tier-0
Trigger and Data Acquisition System
10 Gbps links Optical Private Network (to almost
all sites)
Tier-1
General Purpose/Academic/Research Network
Tier-2
From F. Malek LCG FRance
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Grid Computing Applications

• High energy nuclear physics
• Simulation
• Earth observation, climate modeling
• Geophysics, earthquake modeling
• Fluids, aerodynamic design
• Pollutant dispersal scenarios
• Astronomy- Digital sky surveys modern telescopes
  produce over 10 Petabytes per year (upto 30 TB
  per day)!
• Molecular genomics
• Chemistry and biochemistry
• Financial applications
• Medical images

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Large Scale Computing the CloudBusiness-centri
c Large-Scale Distributed ComputingEverything
as a Service
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Cloud Computing

• A large-scale distributed computing paradigm
  that is driven by economies of scale, in which a
  pool of abstracted, virtualized,
  dynamically-scalable, managed computing power,
  storage, platforms, and services are delivered on
  demand to external customers over the Internet
  (Foster at al.)
• SalesForces, Amazon, IBM, Google, Microsoft,
  Backblaze
• Everything as a service
• Infrastructure as a service
• Platform as a service
• Software as a service
• Behind the scene some kind of a (proprietary)
  grid

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Mobile/Ubiquitous/Pervasive ComputingA Focus on
the User
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Mobile/Ubiquitous/Pervasive Computing

• Mobile communications have freed the user from
  the Internet plug
• 3G/4G mobile Internet is as faster as
  Internet-at-work and Internet-at-home
• Ubiquity, i.e., Internet-everywhere, is a reality
  (at least in Western countries)
• A dramatic social (and business) change!
• A still-open issue context-awareness
• what is your device, what are the network
  conditions?
• where are you?
• what are you doing right now and in the near
  future?
• what are your preferences?
• Who are your friends?

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Applications of Ubi./ Perv. Computing

• Sensor networks (smart dust)
• Home networks
• Patient monitoring (personal area networks)
• Emergency management / battlefield / borders
  monitoring
• Museums and pervasive buildings
• Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks (VANET) / MANET
• Alert management (parking, kids, etc.)
• Supply chain
• U-Society
• People to People (P2P) Facebook on your cell
  phone
• People to Object (P2O) IoT platforms
• Geopositioned Services App Store
• Do-IoT-Yourself Arduino / Raspberry Pi /
  Beaglebone - Fab Lab ?

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The Internet of ThingsWhen (Smart) Things Meets
Internet
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The Internet of Things Definition

• The  Internet of Things (IoT) is a dynamic
  global network infrastructure with self
  configuring capabilities based on standard and
  interoperable communication protocols where
  physical and virtual things have identities,
  physical attributes, and virtual personalities
  and use intelligent interfaces, and are
  seamlessly integrated into the information
  network.
• In the IoT, things are expected to become
  active participants in business, information and
  social processes where they are enabled to
  interact and communicate among themselves and
  with the environment by exchanging data and
  information sensed about the environment, while
  reacting autonomously to the real/physical
  worlds events  (CERP-IoT)

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Applications of the Internet of Things

• IoT platforms yet exist xively (ex-cosm,
  ex-pachube), sen.se, etc.
• Machine To Machine (M2M) / Object To Object (O2O)
• the never lasting intelligent fridge ?
• smart maintenance
• Intelligent sensors networks
• smart factory
• ITS and Smart car
• What place for humans?

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The Internet of Things

• Key words
• Identity / Personality
• Autonomy
• Interaction / Environment
• Communication / Global Network
• A philosophical approach Spimes (Bruce Sterling,
  2004)?
• A promise with no future? A nightmare? A dream?
  The true future?

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A Universal Network of Things ?
From readwrite.com
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An Infinity of Networks of Things
From readwrite.com
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How all this has happened?
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Technological Evolutions

• Large bandwidth communications
• Optical fiber
• 3G, 4G, WiMax
• WiFi Direct
• Low power local communications
• NFC
• Zigbee, Bluetooth
•  Universal  identification
• RFID - Electronic Product Code (EPC)
  EPCGlobalNetwork
• Object Naming Service (ONS)
• IETF Host Identity Protocol (HIP RFC 4423-5201
  )
• Geopositioning
• GPS/Galileo
• GSM

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Technological Evolutions (Contd)

• Supercomputing
• Parallel supercomputers (1- Tianhe-2 - 34 Pflops)
• Super-clusters/clouds (Microsft 1 million of
  servers (July13) Google 2 millions of
  servers? Soon 10 millions?)
• Super storage
• Key GB
• Disk TB
• Data Center PB
• Micro-Nano technologies
• Sensors Sensor networks
• Things
• Convergence digital camera telephone laptop ?
  smartphone

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Software Evolutions

• Services SOA
• Object ? Service / Service ? Object
• (Everything as a Service)
• Social networks
• E-Services
• Mobility (M-services)
• All digital, any where, any time Era

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Back to Ubiquitous/Pervasive Computing
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Ubiquitous and Pervasive Computing The Vision
of a Calm Technology

•  The most profound technologies are those that
  disappear. They weave themselves into the fabric
  of everyday life until they are indistinguishable
  from it 
• The objective of pervasive computing is to
  make a computer so imbedded, so fitting, so
  natural, that we use it without even thinking
  about it.
• Ubiquitous (pervasive) computing is roughly the
  opposite of virtual reality. Where virtual
  reality puts people inside a computer-generated
  world, ubiquitous computing forces the computer
  to live out here in the world with people.
•  A new way of thinking about computers in the
  world, one that takes into account the natural
  human environment and allows the computers
  themselves to vanish in the background 
• Mark Weiser, Xerox PARC, 1991-

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Ubiquitous and Pervasive Computing The Vision
of a Calm Technology

• M. Satyanarayanan, 2001
• Pervasive computing environment  one saturated
  with computing and communication capability, yet
  so gracefully integrated with users that it
  becomes a technology that disappears 
• So
• Smart spaces
• Invisibility and transparency
• Scalability

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Some Key Ideas for an Holistic Vision

• The object-subject is actor (a first-class
  citizen) of the system / of the Future
• smart objects / smart everything
• active objects
• the cloud
• Intelligence is, at first, the  network 
  i.e., the ability to exchange information /
  communicate
• Intelligence , is also the ability to
  self-adapt to the user profile and the context
  ( context awareness ), to weave into the
  environment
• Ego is part of the context
• Intelligence , finally, is the ability to
  organize
• autonomously (autonomic computing, self
  healing)
• spontaneously
• Multi-Scale Ubiquitous Ego-Centric Digital
  Ecosystem

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A Partial Conclusion

• An incredible change!
• A digital world (and digital life)
• An (almost) unlimited power of processing,
  storage, communication
• Unlimited opportunities of new applications
• But a coined in the 60s client-server way of
  thinking!
• And strong concerns about privacy
• (A Highway to) Hell or Eden?

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What IT world do you want to build ?