The Kingdom Protista

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The Kingdom Protista

• Chapter 20

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What is a Protist?

• Any organism that is not a plant, an animal, a
  fungus, or prokaryote.
• Are eukaryotes that are not members of the
  kingdoms, Plantae, Animalia, or Fungi

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Classification of Protists

• Protists are so diverse that many biologists
  suggest that they should be broken up into
  several kingdoms.
• Unfortunately, biologist do not agree on how to
  classify the protists.

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Classification of Protists
Section 20-1
Protists
are classified by
which include
which
which
which
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Animallike Protists Protozoans

• 4 phyla of the animallike protists -Distinguished
  from one another by their means of movement
• Zooflagellates-move by flagella ex.
  Trychonympha(termite), Trypanosoma(Tse Tse Fly)
• Sarcodines-move by pseudopods ex. amoeba
• Ciliates-move by cilia ex. paramecium
• Sporozoans-no movement, parasites ex. plasmodium

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Zooflagellates

• Animallike protists that swim using a flagella
• Most have 1-2 flagella
• Live in lakes streams, where they absorb
  nutrients from decaying matter
• Some live within bodies of other organisms,
  taking advantage of the food from larger
  organisms
• Can reproduce by asexual and sexual reproduction

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Sarcodines

• Move via temporary cytoplasmic projections known
  as pseudopods
• Amoebas
• Surround food and form a food vacuole

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Amoeba
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Ciliates

• Contain short hairlike projections called cilia
• Use cilia for feeding movement
• Found in both fresh salt water

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Ciliates
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Sporozoans

• Do not move on their own are parasitic

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Animallike Protists Disease

• Malaria
• African sleeping sickness
• Amebic dysentery

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Malaria

• One of the worlds most serious infectious
  disease
• 2 million people still die from malaria every
  year
• Carried by the female Anopheles mosquito

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Cycle of Malaria (pg. 503)
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Symptoms Treatment of Malaria

• Severe chills
• Fever
• There are a number of vaccines against malaria
  but to date most are only partially effective
• Controlling mosquitoes is the best method to
  controlling malaria

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African Sleeping Sickness

• Zooflagellates of the genus Trypanosoma
• Spread by the bite of an insect known as the
  tsetse fly

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Symptoms

• Begin to show 1 to 4 weeks after bite
• Chills
• Rashes
• Infect nerve cells severe damage causes some
  individuals to lose consciousness, lapsing into a
  deep and sometimes fatal sleep

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Treatment

• Hospitalization
• Medications
• Follow-ups for 2 years

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Amebic Dysentery

• Common in areas with poor sanitation
• Severe diarrhea
• Caused by an organism that looks like the
  harmless amoebas
• Entamoeba, a parasite spread by contaminated
  drinking water
• Attacks the wall of the intestine, causing
  extensive bleeding

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Amebic Dysentery

• Can also occur in the crystal-clear mountain
  streams
• Caused by another flagellated pathogen, Giardia
• Giardia produces tough, microscopic-size cysts
  that can be killed only be boiling water
  thoroughly or by adding iodine to the water
• Causes severe diarrhea and digestive system
  problems.

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Ecology of Animallike Protists

• Essential roles in the living world
• Live symbiotically with other organisms
• Recycle nutrients by breaking down dead organic
  matter
• Live in seas and lakes are a part of the food
  chain

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Trichonympha

• Zooflagellate that lives within the digestive
  systems of termites
• Makes it possible for termites to eat wood
• Termites do not have an enzyme to breakdown wood
• The Trichonympha does it for them

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Homework

• Guided Reading Worksheets
• 20-1
• 20-2
• Due Wednesday, February 16th

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Plant-Like Protists

• Commonly called Algae
• Contain chlorophyll and carries out
  photosynthesis

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Unicellular Algae-classified by pigments

• Phylum Euglenophyta
• 2 flagella but no cell wall
• Phylum Chrysophyta
• Gold-colored chloroplast
• Phylum Bacillariophyta
• Called diatoms
• Cell walls contain silicon
• Phylum Pyrrophyta
• Called dinoflagellates

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Draw a Euglena

• see p. 507, Figure 20-10)

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Ecology of Unicellular Algae

• Make up most of phytoplankton
• Small photosynthetic organisms near surface of
  ocean
• ½ of all photosynthesis on Earth is performed by
  the algae
• Source of nourishment for small fish

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Algal Blooms and Red Tides

• Help recycle sewage and fertilizer
• Grow too much, deplete nutrients, die, rid water
  of oxygen, choke out fish life
• Can produce toxins, eaten by clams and shellfish,
  eaten by humans and cause death

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Multicellular Algae (mostly)

• Phylum Rhodophyta
• Red Algae
• Phylum Phaeophyta
• Brown Algae
• Phylum Chlorophyta
• Green Algae

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Draw Brown Algae

• see p. 511, Figure 20-15

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Reproduction

• Alternation of Generations
• Life cycle includes both haploid and diploid
  generation
• Enables them to survive unfavorable conditions

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Analyzing Data

• Pg. 508
• Questions 1-4

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Fungus-Like Protists

• Like fungi-absorb nutrients from dead or decaying
  organic matter
• Different from fungi-have centrioles and lack
  chitin cell walls

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Funguslike Phyla

• Phylum Acrasiomycota
• Slime mold
• Phylum Myxomycota
• Acellular slime mold
• Phylum Oomycota
• Water mold (white mold on dead fish)

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The Great Potato Famine

• Phytophthora infestans (Phylum Oomycete)
  destroyed 60 of the potatoes in Ireland in 1845
• Between 1845 and 1851 at least one million Irish
  people died of starvation or disease
• One million Irish emigrated to the U.S. and other
  countries

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Homework

• Guided Reading Worksheets
• 20-3
• 20-4
• 20-5
• Preparing for TAKS pg. 525 1-4
• Due Friday, February 18th