Type and Indications of IV Therapy

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Type and Indications of IV Therapy

• Done by
• Salwa Maghrabi
• Teacher Assistant
• Nursing Department

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Outline

• Definition of IV therapy
• Indication of IV therapy
• Type of IV solution .
• Isotonic solution
• Hypertonic solution
• Hypotonic solution
• Categories of intravenous solutions according to
  their purpose.
• Nutrient solutions
• Electrolyte solutions (Crystalloid)
• Volume expanders (Colloid)
• Parenteral Nutrition (PN)

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cont

• Clinical indications of parenteral nutrition.
• IV Infusion Method .
• Equipment of I.V. therapy.
• Nursing role in managing patient receiving IV
  therapy
• Nursing assessment .
• Nursing diagnosis.
• Implementation
• Initiation phase
• Maintenance phase
• Discontinuing IV infusion .
• Recoding and reporting .
• Evaluation .

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Objective

• Define intravenous therapy .
• List the indications of IV therapy .
• Differentiate between the types of IV solutions.
• Discuss the categories of IV solution according
  to their purpose .
• List the IV infusion methods.
• Discuss the nursing process for the patient who
  receiving IV therapy .

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Definition of IV therapy

• It is an effective and efficient method of
  supplying fluid directly into intravenous fluid
  compartment producing rapid effect with
  availability of injecting large volume
• of fluid more than other method of
  administration.

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Indication of IV therapy

• Maintain or replace body store .
• Restore acid abase balance
• Restore the volume of blood component
• Administer of medication
• Provide Nutrition
• Monitor CVP

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Type of IV solution
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Isotonic solution

• A solution that has the same salt concentration
  as the normal cells of the body and the blood.
• Ex
• 1- 0.9 NaCl .
• 2- Ringer Lactate .
• 3- Blood Component .
• 4- D5W.

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Hypertonic solution

• A solution with a higher salts concentration
  than in normal cells of the body and the blood.
• Ex
• 1- D5W in normal
• Saline solution .
• 2-D5W in half normal
• Saline .
• 3- D10W.

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Hypotonic solution

• A solution with a lower salts concentration than
  in normal cells of the body and the blood.
• EX
• 1-0.45 NaCl .
• 2- 0.33 NaCl .

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Categories of intravenous solutions according to
their purpose

• Nutrient solutions.
• Electrolyte solutions.
• Volume expanders.

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Nutrient solutions.

• It contain some form of carbohydrate and water.
• Water is supplied for fluid requirements and
  carbohydrate for calories and energy.
• They are useful in preventing dehydration and
  ketosis but do not provide sufficient calories to
  promote wound healing, weight gain, or normal
  growth of children.
• Common nutrient solutions are D5W and dextrose in
  half-strength saline.

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Electrolyte solutions (Crystalloid)

• fluids that consist of water and dissolved
  crystals, such as salts and sugar.
• Used as maintenance fluids to correct body fluids
  and electrolyte deficit .
• Commonly used solutions are
• -Normal saline
• (0.9 sodium chloride solution).
• -Ringers solutions
• (which contain sodium, chloride, potassium, and
  calcium.
• -Lactated Ringers solutions
• (which contain sodium, chloride, potassium
  ,calcium and lactate) .

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Volume expanders (Colloid)

• Are used to increase the blood volume following
  severe loss of blood (haemorrhage) or loss of
  plasma ( severe burns).
• Expanders present in dextran, plasma, and
  albumin.

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Parenteral Nutrition (PN)

• Parenteral nutrition is a form of nutritional
  support that supplies protein, carbohydrate, fat,
  electrolytes , vitamins, minerals, and fluids via
  the IV route to meet the metabolic functioning of
  the body.

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Clinical indications of parenteral nutrition

• Client cannot tolerate internal nutrition as in
  case of paralytic ileus, intestinal obstruction,
  persistent vomiting.
• Client with hyper metabolic status as in case of
  burns and cancer.
• Client at risk of malnutrition because of recent
  weight loss of gt 10, NPO for gt 5 days, and
  preoperative for severely depleted clients.

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IV Infusion Method
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Equipment of I.V. therapy

• I. Solution containers.
• II. I.V. administration sets.

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Nursing assessment

• 1- assess the solution
• 2- Reading the label on the solution.
• 3- Determine the compatibility of all fluid and
  additives.
• 4- observe I.V sets

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• Also, the nurse should assess the patient for
• 1- Any allergies and arm placement preference.
• 2- Any planned surgeries.
• 3- Patients activities of daily living.
• 4- Type and duration of I.V therapy, amount, and
  rate.

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Nursing diagnosis

• Anxiety (mild, moderate, severe) related to
  threat regarding therapy.
• Fluid volume excess.
• Fluid volume deficit.
• Risk for infection.
• Risk for sleep pattern disturbance.
• Knowledge deficit related to
• I.V therapy.

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Planning

• Identify expected outcomes which focus on
• preventing complications from I.V therapy.
• minimal discomfort to the patient.
• restoration of normal fluid and electrolyte
  balance .
• patients ability to verbalize complications.

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Implementation

• I. Implementation during initiation phase
• A) Solution preparation the nurse should be
• Label the I.V container.
• Avoid the use of felt-tip pens or permanent
  markers on plastic bag.
• Hang I.V bag or bottle .

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• B) Site preparation
• 1- Cleanse infusion site.
• 2- Excessive hair at selected site should be
  clipped with scissor .
• 3- Cleanse I.V site with effective topical
  antiseptic.
• 4- Made Venipuncture at a 10 to 30 degree angle.

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• C) Regulating flow rate
• The nurse calculate the infusion rate by using
  the following formula

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• II. Implementation during maintenance phase
• A) Monitoring I.V infusion therapy the nurse
  should
• inspect the tubing.
• inspect the I.V set at routine
• intervals at least daily.
• Monitor vital signs .
• recount the flow rate after 5 and
• 15 minutes after initiation

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• B) Intermittent flushing of I.V lines
• Peripheral intermittent are usually flushed with
  saline (2-3 ml 0.9 NS.)
• C) Replacing equipments (I.V container, I.V set,
  I.V dressing)
• I.V container should be changed when it is empty.
• I.V set should be changed every 24 hours.
• The site should be inspected and palpated for
  tenderness every shift or daily/cannula should be
  changed every 72hours and if needs.
• I.V dressing should be changed daily and when
  needed

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• III. Implementation during phase of discontinuing
  an I.V infusion
• The nurse never use scissors to remove the tape
  or dressing.
• Apply pressure to the site for 2 to 3 minutes
  using a dry, sterile gauze pad.
• Inspect the catheter for intactness.
• The arm or hand may be flexed
• or extended several times.

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Recording and reporting

• Type of fluid, amount, flow rate, and any drug
  added.
• Insertion site.
• Size and type of I.V catheter or needle.
• The use of pump.
• When infusion was begun and discontinuing.
• Expected time to change I.V bag or bottle,
  tubing, cannula, and dressing.

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• Any side effect.
• Type and amount of flush solution.
• Intake and output every shift, daily weight.
• Temperature every 4 hours.
• Blood glucose monitoring every 6 hours, and rate
  of infusion.

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Evaluation

• Produce therapeutic response to medication, fluid
  and electrolyte balance.
• Observe functioning and patency of I.V system.
• Absence of complications.

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reference

• http//www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articl
  ekey3870
• -Carol.T.taylor and carol lillis.R, (2001)
  Fundamentals of Nursing, 4th ed ,Lippincott,
  company,Pheladelphia ,pp180-249.

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• Thank you for listening