Mortality

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Mortality Rates

• LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• TO DEFINE THE DIFFERENT MEASUREMENTS OF MORTALITY
• TO IDENTIFY THE DIFFERENT GLOBAL MORTALITY TRENDS

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Measuring Mortality

• Crude Death Rate The average annual number of
  deaths during a year per 1,000 population.

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Problems with CDR

• The problem with using CDR (Crude Death Rates) is
  it affected by the age structure of the country.
• If all other things are equal CDR goes up as the
  average age of the population goes up.

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Measuring Mortality

• Life Expectancy The average number of years to be
  lived by a group of people born in the same year,
  if mortality at each age remains constant in the
  future.

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Issues with Life Expectancy

• It is an AVERAGE.
• You can split the total population into different
  groups (cohorts) to compare some of these
  differences within a population.
• Rich v poor, urban v rural, male v female, ethnic
  groups, age groups.
• Life expectancy figures can be affected by high
  IMR. If you survive infancy you could live much
  longer than the life expectancy figures suggest.

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Measuring Mortality

• Age Sex Specific Death Rate
• The death rate for a particular age group within
  the population (male/female)
• Most common
• INFANT MORTALITY (First year of life)
• CHILD MORTALITY (First 5 years)

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Infant Mortality

• Many deaths in this age group are preventable and
  therefore IMR decreases dramatically as medical
  care is improved.
• For this reason IMR is seen as an accurate
  indicator of development.

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Infant Mortality

• Status of women and income
• Educational level of mother
• Age of mother
• Also birth interval

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Mortality trends

• MEDCs main decrease in late industrial
  revolution.
• In 1870 life expectancy Manchester - 29 years
  Sheffield 33 years

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Mortality trends

• LEDCs main decreases in second half of twentieth
  century

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Immunisation Campaigns
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DDT Spraying-Malaria
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Mortality trends
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Mortality Trends

• HIV Aids has had a huge impact on populations.

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Mortality Trends

• SARS, Asian Bird Flu, Swine Flu, other future
  pandemics?

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malaria remains the biggest cause of death for
children under five in Africa. Jong-Wook Lee,
2006
CHOLERA
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Cholera
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A high incidence of infectious diseases such as
HIV/Aids, cholera, malaria and typhoid will
result in low life expectancy and high infant and
child mortality rates.
Poor sanitation and water supply.
Explaining life expectancy patterns
Poor health care systems mean that societies are
not in a position to combat and fight against
diseases that are often manageable and
preventable.
High levels of malnutrition contribute
significantly and make it difficult for people to
fight disease.
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Epidemiological Transition Model
LEDC ____________________________________
MEDC Infectious diseases ____________
Degenerative diseases
Cholera, TB, Aids, Diarrhoea, Malaria, Typhoid
Cancer, Heart disease