Food Safety

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Food Safety Quality Assurance
2015
2

• All 4-H / FFA members who exhibit the following
  species need to be FSQA Certified
• Beef
• Dairy Cattle
• Goats (Dairy Meat)
• Poultry (Chicken, Turkey, Duck, Geese, etc)
• Rabbits
• Sheep
• Swine

3
Recertify Annually

• Junior members, grades 4 6, need to come every
  year.
• Intermediates, grades 7 9
• Seniors, grades 10 - 12
• Intermediate and Senior members can attend an
  annual training or take the test-out option

4
Testing Out of FSQA

• Intermediates and Seniors may test out of
  attending yearly FSQA sessions.
• To do so they must take a 20 (Int.) or 30 (Sr.)
  question exam and receive a 70 passing score.
• At one setting, they may take a different exam 3
  times if necessary to pass.
• Check with your county extension office for the
  testing dates / times and for any specific
  requirements for testing out.

5
Resources

• Iowa 4-H Food Safety Quality Assurance Member
  Manual Website
• http//www.extension.iastate.edu/4h/projects/lives
  tock/FSQA.htm
• Youth PQA Plus Website
• http//www.pork.org/Certification/21/youthPqaPlus.
  aspx
• Iowa Beef Quality Assurance Website
• http//www.iabeef.org/Content/bqa.aspx
• 4-H Livestock Projects Website
• http//www.extension.iastate.edu/4h/projects/lives
  tock/

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• Survey of Americans
• 9 out of 10
• In favor of additional food safety measures
• COOL implementation
• 64 believe imported foods are often or sometimes
  unsafe
• 58 worry about bacterial contamination of the
  food supply
• Pew-commissioned poll Hart Research and Public
  Opinion

7

• Who is responsible for safe food?
• Producers
• Handlers
• Processors
• Food Suppliers
• Consumers

8

• Who Cares About FSQA?
• 17 million pounds of meat produced by Iowa
  4-Hers each year
• Reputation of the 4-H program
• 4-Hers need to be responsible to the consumer
  and the food industry.
• Industry requirements must be met and maintained.
• Many 4-Hers are further away from traditional
  food animal production.

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4-Hers Responsibility

• Understand and follow the seven Good Production
  Practices (GPPs)
• Produce safe food products for consumers

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Iowa 4-H Food Safety and Quality Assurance Program

• Good Production Practices
• Healthy Animals
• Safe Food

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Partners in Safe Food
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Regulatory Partners

• Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
• regulates medicated animal feeds and most animal
  health products
• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
• sets tolerance levels for pesticides used in food
  production
• Food Safety Inspection Service (FSIS)
• inspects all livestock at federally inspected
  packing plants and examines plant sanitation

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HAACP

• A system used in meat packing plants to prevent
  food safety problems
• Regulated by the USDA Food Safety and Inspection
  Service (FSIS)

• Hazard
• Analysis and
• Critical
• Control
• Points

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HAACP

• Hazards can be identified as
• Microbial contamination
• Bacteria, virus, protozoa
• Chemical Hazards
• Antimicrobial and chemical tissue residues
• Physical Hazards
• Broken needles or metal

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HACCP

• Identify the risks
• Identify potential hazards (risks)
• Identify critical control points
• Plan the prevention
• Set a critical limit
• Monitor the process
• Plan corrective action
• Monitor the progress
• Keep accurate records
• Review the process regularly

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Good Production Practices

1. Keep accurate records
2. Veterinary relationship drug usage
3. Healthy production practices
4. Proper care and handling
5. Feed and Feed Additives
6. Biosecurity and Animal Welfare
7. Exhibit strong character traits (ethics)

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Good Production PracticesIn Depth

• GPP 3 Healthy Production Practices
• GPP 4 Proper Care and Handling
• GPP 7 Ethics

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3. Healthy Production Practices

• Properly story, label and account for all drugs
  and medications
• Properly administer the medications
• Educate all family members to assist with giving
  medications
• Use drug testing when appropriate

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Properly store, label and account for
drugs/medications

• Label of a Medication
• Name of Drug
• Quantity of Contents
• Name of Distributor
• Active Ingredient
• Dosage
• Cautions and Warnings
• Withdrawal Time
• Storage
• Lot number
• Expiration date

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Label Worksheet

• Worksheet Reading Medication Labels based on
  the drug label of SuperCill
• Refer to FSQA Activity Guide starting on page 34

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Properly Administer Medications

• Routes of administration
• Injection
• Oral
• Water
• Feed
• Mouth directly
• Topical

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Properly Administer Medications

• Routes of injection
• Intramuscular (IM)
• Subcutaneous (SQ)
• Intraperitoneal (IP)
• Intravenous (IV)
• Intranasal (IN)
• Intramammary

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Injections

• Intramuscular (IM) means to inject into the
  muscle
• Causes damage to muscle tissue

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Injections

• Subcutanueous (SQ) means to inject under the
  loose skin area
• Preferred because it causes least damage

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Injections
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Injection Lesions
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Needle size plastic hub

• Select needle size by
• Length of needle
• Bore of needle (inside diameter)
• Species to be injected
• Size of animal

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Recommended needle sizes and lengths
Intramuscular (IM) Injection Gauge
Length Baby Pigs 18 or 20
5/8" or 1/2" Nursery 16 or 18
3/4" or 5/8" Finisher 16
1" Breeding Stock 14, 15, or 16
1 or 1 1/2 (Hogs and Cattle) Calves,
lt300 lbs 18 1" to 1 1/2" Calves, 300-700
lbs 16 18 1" to 1 1/2" Calves, gt700
lbs 16 1" to 1 1/2 Rabbit 22 -25 ½ to
¾ Sheep and Goats 16 or 18 ¾ to 1
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Recommended needle sizes and lengths
Subcutaneous Injection
Gauge Length Nursery 16 or 18
1/2" Finisher 16
3/4 Breeding Stock 14 or 16
1 (Hogs and Cattle) Calves, lt300 lbs
18 - 20 1/2" to 3/4" Calves, 300-700 lbs 16
18 1/2" to 3/4" Calves, gt700 lbs 16 -
18 1/2" to 3/4 Sheep and Goats 16 18 ½ to
¾ Rabbit 22 -25 ½ or less
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Remember

• Use proper size (see chart)
• Needles should not be defective.
• Can damage muscle tissue
• Can break off in the muscle
• Can cause infections
• Inspect needles for dirt
• Inspect for dullness
• Inspect for bending
• Do not straighten bent needles
• Properly restraining animals decreases chances of
  problems
• Dispose of needles properly

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What are you going to do if you break off a
needle into an animal ?

• Stop injections
• Attempt to remove the needle
• Temporarily identify the animal - How ?
• Permanently identify the animal How ?
• If selling the animal to market, tell the buyer
  for separation from market group for special
  processing.

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Selecting Needles

• Worksheet Exercise, p. 39 of FSQA Activity Guide

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Administering Medications

• Oral By mouth, by feed or water

34
Administering Medications

• Topical Sprayed, poured or rubbed on the skin.
  Used with treatment for external parasites or
  injuries.

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All Are On The Same Page

• Educate all family members to assist
• You are responsible for your animals!

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• 4. Proper Care Handling

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Proper Care and Handling

• Provide clean facilities
• Provide a balanced ration
• Provide plenty of clean fresh water daily
• Provide health care, including immunizations and
  treatments when necessary
• Work with a veterinarian to develop a health care
  plan and monitoring process
• Handle animals to reduce stress, and ensure
  safety
• Observe animals daily and treat if needed

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GPP 4 Care and Handling

• What if your animals are Too Cold?
• More bedding
• Heaters
• More animals
• Prevent drafts
• Shelter

39
GPP 4 Care and Handling

• What if your animals are Too Hot?
• Shade
• Fans or ventilation
• Sprinkle water
• Remove hair or shear

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GPP 4 Care and Handling

• Animals lose heat in 4 ways
• Evaporative
• Conductive
• Radiant
• Convective

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Water, Water, Water

• The most important nutrient that you can give to
  your animal
• Water constitutes 60 -70 of an animals live
  weight
• An animal can live 45 60 days without food
  but only 3 7 days without water
• High moisture feeds can supply some of the water
  requirement

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Function of Water

• Aid in temperature regulation of the animal
• Transport nutrients, hormones, and other
  chemicals within the body
• Lubricates joints
• Aids in eliminating waste products of digestion
  and metabolism
• Helps regulate blood pressure
• Component of saliva and milk

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Factors that Affect the Water Consumption
of an Animal

• Air Temperature and Humidity
• Feed Ingredients
• Water Quality
• Animals Health
• Water Availability
• Type of Waterer
• Temperature of Water

• Reproduction and Lactation
• Kind and size of the animal
• Level of activity
• Amount of salt activates the thirst mechanism

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Water Requirements for your Animal ?

• Provide ad lib or hand water generously
• Fresh and clean
• Water temperature in the range of 40 to 70
  degrees if possible
• Remember - Animals cant drink ICE !

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Water Requirements ActivityHow Much Water?

• See Handout Sheet FSQA Activity Guide p. 56-57

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Space Requirements for Livestock

• Species Determined
• Know the size (animal dimensions) and growth
  pattern of your animal
• The larger the animal the more square footage of
  space is needed

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Space Requirements for LivestockGive Them Their
Space

• See Handout Sheet FSQA Activity Guide p. 50-54

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Housing Requirements for Livestock

• Permanent or Portable Structures
• Can be complex to simple structures (Ex
  Confinement vs. Hoop building for pigs)
• Provide the correct environmental temperature
• Draft Free
• Welfare friendly

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Comfort Zone - Temperature zones for optimal
performance

• Cattle Beef and Dairy
• 40 60 degrees F
• Swine
• Baby pigs lt 2 wks 90 95 degrees F
• Piglets (3 8 wks 75 85 degrees F
• Mature swine 50 70 degrees F
• Sheep
• Lambs lt 2 wks 80 -90 degrees F
• Mature sheep 40 65 degrees F
• Rabbits
• 40 60 degrees F
• Poultry
• Baby Chicks lt 1 wks 90 100 degrees F / reduce
  5 degrees per week of age.
• Broilers and Laying Hens 60 80 degrees F

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Comfort Zones

• See Handout Sheet FSQA Activity Guide p. 60, 61

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Feeder Space Requirements

• Species Determined
• Hand Feeding
• More space is needed
• 1 X or 2 X per day
• More labor
• Self Feeders
• Less space needed
• Feeder Adjustment to reduce feed wastage

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Animal Feeder Space Requirement
Feeder Space Needed
Animal Description
4 5 pigs per hole
Finishing Pigs 75/250 lb
24 inches or 2 feet per sow
Sows Hand Fed
2 inches per bird
Chickens - Broilers
9 12 inches per lamb
Lambs 30 /110 lb Hand Fed
22 26 inches per steer
Beef Steer 500/1200 lb Fed once per day
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Handling Animals

• Natural instincts
• Fight
• Flight
• People and animals have comfort zones

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Animal Flight Zone

• Flight zone is the animals personal space
• Movement into an animals flight zone causes it
  to move away from you
• Size of flight zone depends on how tame or wild
  the animal is
• With frequent handling, the flight zone decreases
  in size meaning, you have to get closer to the
  animal for it to move
• The point where the animal begins to move away is
  the edge of the flight zone

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• The Flight Zone

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Animal Stress

• Animal Stress is caused by
• Heat and cold
• Health challenges
• Excitement or movement
• Animal Stress causes.
• Reduced feed intake and gain
• Increased health problems
• Affects quality of meat produced

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• What are stresses animals experience when they
  are PURCHASED?
• Movement
• Changes in feed
• Health challenges
• Changes in environment

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• What are stresses animals experience when they
  are EXHIBITED at fair?
• Movement
• Changes in feed/water intake
• Strange animals
• Strange environment
• Heat

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• What are stresses animals experience when they
  are MARKETED?
• Shipment
• Strange animals (fighting)
• Remove feed and water
• Stressful handling

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• Dark Cutters
• Caused by a chemical reaction in the muscle
  brought on by stress

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DFD Pork

• (Dark, firm, dry) Caused by stress over longer
  periods of time before slaughter

PSE Pork

• (Pale, soft, exudative) genetics, improper
  handling before slaughtering, and poor carcass
  chilling

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Stress Prevention

• See Handout Sheet FSQA Activity Guide p. 62-65

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Improper Handling

• 48 million loss per year in pork industry
• 94 million loss per year in beef industry

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Livestock Handling Facts Tips

• Intact males of any species pose the greatest
  danger
• Exercise caution around female animals with
  newborns
• Livestock have poor depth perception when in
  motion.
• Pigs, cattle, and sheep will naturally move to a
  more brightly illuminated area
• Cattle can kick to the side and to the rear.
• No electric shockers. Pigs are very sensitive to
  electric shock and can cause them to tremble and
  go down

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Transport of Livestock - Tips

• Monitor Temperature and Humidity
• Give adequate space
• Use bedding in winter
• Avoid wind chill of animals in winter
• Wet sand or sawdust in summer
• Keep cool in summer
• Provide proper footing for animals
• Drive smoothly

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Animal Transportation Comfort and Safety
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Why is Handling Important?

• People are watching how you treat your animal at
  shows
• Proper handling reduces stress on your animal and
  you
• By reducing stress, you get better quality meat

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The Good, The Bad, The Ugly

• See Handout Sheet FSQA Activity Guide p. 46-49

Handling Animals Safely

• See Handout Sheet FSQA Activity Guide p. 55

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7. Ethics
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Ethics

• Ethics is the demonstration of good character
  traits. (Caring, Respect, Trustworthiness,
  Fairness, Responsibility, Citizenship)
• Knowing and doing the right thing.

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Character Traits

• Caring - showing concern for others
• Respect - treating others the way you want to be
  treated
• Trustworthiness - dont lie, cheat, be dishonest
• Fairness - play by the rules, listening
• Responsibility - be accountable for your actions
• Citizenship - helping others and obeying rules

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Ethics

• Not only deals with how you treat your animal
• But also how you act and present yourself

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How our actions affect everyone

• Scenario/Activity
• 1
• Steer

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How our actions affect everyone

• Scenario
• Your steer just isnt walking right at the State
  Fair he seems tight off his back legs
• You think he could do really well in the show, so
  you and your Dad decide to give him some Banamine
  to loosen him up
• You know Banamine isnt really legal but youve
  heard others have used it and it works really
  good
• No one will even know there are 300 steers here
  and youre just taking him home anyway if he
  doesnt win

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How our actions affect everyone

• Result
• Your steer got 5th in his class so youre just
  going to send him on the truck to the packer
  (Tyson)
• The packer does some drug testing on the animals
  from the fair and finds Banamine present in an
  animal YOUR animal
• Tyson notifies the fair of the result and states
  they will no longer buy 4-H animals since they
  cannot let the meat enter the grocery store

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How our actions affect everyone

• Now What??
• Since you have violated the Code of Ethics by
  giving an unauthorized drug to your animal, you
  have been banned from showing for 2 years, your
  friends cant sell their animals, and youve
  endangered the food supply
• Tysons export markets to Japan have been shut
  down due to the positive test and cattle prices
  fall since we now have more meat than we can sell
• You may be one in a million, but a million can be
  affected by one

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How our actions affect everyone

• Scenario/Activity
• 2
• Rabbit

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How our actions affect everyone

• Scenario
• Youre exhibiting your rabbit at the county fair
  and you see a tremendous one that your friend
  brought and wins Grand Champion with
• Your friend is not going to the State Fair so you
  ask if you can borrow it to exhibit since
  rabbits dont have to be IDed or anything really
• Your friend agrees reluctantly, but decides to
  let you show it at the State Fair
• The rabbit wins Grand Champion at the State Fair
  as well and youre ecstatic!!

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How our actions affect everyone

• Result
• You joke to another 4-Her that this isnt really
  even your rabbit, but your friends that youre
  borrowing
• Show officials hear of the incident and now will
  have a new rule next year that all rabbits be
  tattooed and maybe ear tagged by May 15th
• With all the hassle now to enter the State Fair,
  show numbers dwindle and the rabbit show is
  cancelled
• Think before you act, and DO THE RIGHT THING!

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GPP 7 Activity

• The Maze Craze p. 96
• Its All on Your Head- p. 98
• Who Can You Trust p. 101
• Sportsmanship Honor without Arrogance p. 103
• Ethics Discussion Situations p. 106
• Tommys Story p. 112
• Code of Ethics Review - http//www.extension.iasta
  te.edu/4H/Agriculture/documents/lhethicscode.pdf
• FSQA Activity Guide

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Questions??

• Thanks for Attending!!