Assessment of Farmers Behaviors toward wise use of Irrigation Water

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Farmers Behaviors Toward Better Irrigation Water
Management
Case Study Prepared by Eng.
Samira AL Thari Eng. Khalid
Al-Bar Eng. Fahd Al-Magrabi
Eng. Wael Al-Darwish
Supervisor Dr. Abdul Rahman Al-Eryni
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Framework of the study

• Problem definition
• Objectives of the study
• Background of studied area
• Methodology
• Results and discussion
• Conclusions and recommendations

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Problem Definition

• The agricultural sector employs more than 55 of
  labors force .
• Rain, spate and spring irrigation were
  predominant in the past in Sanaa Basin.
• Since thirty years ago tub-wells became the main
  source for water irrigation.
• Agriculture consumed approximately 90 of
  groundwater for irrigation by using traditional
  irrigation methods

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• Groundwater depletion is About 5-7m per year
• Estimated Withdrawal is 260Mm3
• Recharge of groundwater is about 46Mm3
• Quality of water degradation
• So agriculture activities will face a big problem
  in the near future

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Study Objectives

• To discernment irrigation water management
  on-field level.
• To evaluate the role of economic incentives in
  groundwater depletion.
• To assess farmers awareness, policy and the
  application of legislation to improve irrigating
  water uses efficiency.

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Background of Studied Area
Area 3250 Km2 325000 ha
lt2000m
N 1666100, 1750000
gt3600m
E 390000, 452150
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Districts of Sanaa Basin
43.2 38,891
24.2 10,046
100
100 1,747,834
100 73,957
32.5 11,779
74.9 63,612
80.6 64,832
28.6 28,605
5.9 3,009
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Rainfall
lt100mm
The average of rainfall is 200-250mm/y.
gt315mm
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1- Quaternary alluvium 2- Quaternary volcanic3-
Tertiary volcanic4- Cretaceous sandstone 5-
Jurassic limestone
Geology
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Sub-basin
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Groundwater aquifers
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Previous Studies
Sana'a basin submitted to many studies but the
important of them is

1. Italconsult between 1970-1973
2. Howard hammvi, 1980-1983
3. Russian study by Mosgiprovodkhoz, 1986
4. TNO, 1987-1996
5. WEC studies in 2001.
6. Hydrosult, SBWMP, 2003 ( continues)
7. GAF, 2005
8. JICA studies in 2007

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Well Uses for Irrigation
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Points of water for irrigation in Sanaa Basin
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Distribution of Irrigated agriculture
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Abstraction and Irrigated Area
WEC-ITC 2000 WEC-ITC 2000 Well Inventory 2002 Well Inventory 2002 GAF 2007 GAF 2007
Irrigated area Abstraction Irrigated area Abstraction Irrigated area Abstraction
23.380 151.4 26.577 217.5 18.953 193.47
hectare 1000 MCM
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Area Proportion
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Methodology

• Library activity
• Responsible Interview
• Data collection
• Questionnaire Design
• Sampling Plan
• Farmers Interviews
• Data analysis

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Questionnaire design

• Number of questions (87) are included in the
  following factors
• General questions
• Crop pattern and water management
• Economic incentives
• Social awareness
• Institutional effort
• Laws, legislations and water conflicts issues

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Farmers Interview
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Results and discussion
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General questions
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Educational level
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Major income resource
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Sources of irrigation water
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Own wells percentage
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Type of well
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Selected option under limitation of irrigation
water
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Purchase water for irrigation
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From Where you buy water irrigation?
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Crop Pattern and Water Management in the Field
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Type of irrigation
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Irrigation method
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Estimated distance between the farm and source of
irrigation water
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Economic Incentives
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Type of used pump
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Do you get more yield If you add more water for
crops?
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Are you using modern irrigation technologies?
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Reasons which delay using modern irrigation
methods
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Problems accompanying using modern irrigation
methods

1. Blockage
2. Design difficulties
3. Unsuitable for big tree
4. Expensive
5. Bad quality
6. Lack of instructions
7. Tilling
8. Scattering of frame parts
9. Low yield
10. Change crops
11. Long distance between farm and well

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Crops need more water irrigation
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Are you cultivated crops need more water?
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Social Awareness
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Are your region suffer from water lack?
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Goals of WUA

1. Rationing water used by using modern irrigation
   Methods
2. Guidance farmers to use modern irrigation
   Methods, non expended in area of cultivation and
   no flooding
3. Water saving
4. Awareness and advice
5. Subsidies and entering modern irrigation Methods

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Reasons of non existence of WUA

• Awareness absence
• Illiteracy
• Mistrust
• Aware around problem is lately.
• Useless
• The absence governmental role.
• No agreement between the farmers themselves.
• Interest conflict

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Institutional Efforts
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Is their any support for using modern irrigation
methods?
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Are their any obstacles due to using modern
irrigation methods?
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Are their any institutional program for
increasing your awareness about importance of
modern irrigation?
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Are their any institution responsible for given
well licenses?
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Who is given you licenses?
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Laws, Legislations and Conflicts
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Are their any laws and legislation governing the
use of water?
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Have you heard about Water Law?
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Customs and Traditions relevant to water used
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Traditions and Customs

• Distance between wells
• Arbitration
• Shaike guidelines
• Public and private rights
• Documents
• Al-ala fl al-ala
• Contribution of Payment
• Priorities upon farm size

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Water conflicts
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Type water conflicts

• Partnerships problems
• Random drilling
• Short distance between wells
• Water Transfer by Tankers
• Irrigation schedule
• Pumping

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Water conflicts solutions
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Conclusions

1. Educational weakness
2. Increasing population
3. Income weakness
4. Increase number of wells
5. Increase irrigation Area
6. Institutional Weakness
7. Water quantity and quality degradation
8. Reliance ( responsible farmer )
9. Misunderstanding

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1. Absence role of law ( force application)
2. Low distribution modern irrigation methods
3. Absence role of WUA, WUG among farmers
4. Increase water competition
5. Absence water meter, registration, permit
6. subsidies fuel
7. Absence Water tax
8. Absence role of media
9. Absence role of law in solve water competition

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Recommendation

• Enhancement education
• Enforce water law
• Uplift subsidies on fuel
• Increase reliance between responsible and farmers
• Create WUA, WUG among farmers
• Increase applied studies around water and
  agriculture
• Increase awareness of importance modern
  irrigation methods

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• Encourage exploitation among farmers
• Subsidies and enforcement using modern irrigation
  methods
• Encourage and enforce wells permit and
  registration, water meter
• Make Workshops of operation and maintenance
  modern irrigation methods
• Studies update
• Water harvesting for irrigation

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• Planning according on scientific studies
• Increase role of Sanaa Basin committee
• Cooperation between different institutional
  sector in MWE, MAI
• Aware farmers about importance using wastewater
  treatment in limited irrigation
• Prevent farmers from used wastewater before
  treatment.

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Thank you for attention