The Last West and the New South 1865-1900

1
The Last West and the New South 1865-1900

• Daniel Acosta
• Zamir Borja
• Helen Cai

2
The West-Settlement of
the Last Frontier
Land Between The Mississippi The Pacific

• By the 1900s
• Modernized
• 10 New States
• Endangered Buffalo
• Depleted Native American Population and Culture
• Pioneers Miners, Cattlemen Cowboys, Farmers

• In the 1800s
• Great American Desert
• Arid Land
• Great Herds of Buffalo
• Native Americans

3
The West-Settlement of
the Last Frontier

• The Mining Frontier

• Discovery of Gold
• Steady Migration of Prospectors
• Boomtowns
• Immigration Increased
• Miners Tax
• Chinese Exclusion
• Act of 1882
• Resolved Currency
• Crisis
• Native Americans
• Lost Land

4
The West-Settlement of
the Last Frontier

• The Cattle Frontier

• Free, Wild Herds of Cattle
• Construction of Railroads
• Cow Towns Were Established
• Eased Cattle Transportation

Effects

• Overgrazing
• Winter Blizzard and Drought
• Homesteaders
• Huge Ranches
• Beef Dominated American Diets
• Legend of the Cowboy

5
The West-Settlement of
the Last Frontier

• The Farming Frontier

• Homestead Act of 1862
• 160 Acres of Free Land to Encourage Farming on
  Great Plains
• Best Land Went to Railroad Co. and Speculators

• Invention of Barbed Wire Mail-Order Windmills
  Drilled Deep Wells Helped
• Severe Weather, Falling Crops Prices, and Rising
  Cost of New Machinery Ruined Many

• Dry Farming, Deep-Plowing, Dams and Irrigation
  Saved Many

6
The West-Settlement of
the Last Frontier

• The Farming Frontier

• Turners Frontier Thesis
• End of Frontier with the Settlement of Oklahoma
  Territory
• Frederick Jackson Turner wrote The Significance
  of the Frontier in American History
• Frontier Promoted Independence, Individualism,
  and Broke Down Social Divisions
• Feared the end of Fresh Land Would Lead to
  Conflicts Similar to Europe

7
The West-Settlement of
the Last Frontier

• Removal of Native Americans

• The Frontier was the Native American Homeland
• Increased Settlement led to Removal and Loss of
  Freedom
• Misunderstanding between U.S. govt and Plains
  Indians Lifestyle

8
The West-Settlement of
the Last Frontier

• Removal of Native Americans

• Reservationist Policy
• President Andrew Jackson Removed Eastern Native
  Americans to Lands West of the Mississippi
• Broken as Transcontinental Railroad was Planned,
  Wagons increased, and Reservations were
  Increasingly Assigned
• Plains Tribes Refused to Cooperate

• Indian Wars
• Increased Migration of Miners, Cattlemen, and
  Homesteaders
• Fighting Broke Out Between Indians and U.S.
  Troops
• Sioux Wars
• Sand Creek, CO
• Little Big Horn
• Treaties Made and Broken
• Most of Buffalo Slaughtered

9
The West-Settlement of
the Last Frontier

• Removal of Native Americans

• Assimilationists
• Helen Hunt Jackson, A Century of Dishonor
• Emphasized Education, Training and Conversion to
  Chritianity
• Carlisle School

• Dawes Severalty Act (1887)
• Divided Tribal Lands into Plots of 160 Acres or
  Less per Family
• 25 Years or More Led to Citizenship
• Best Land Sold
• Disease and Poverty Ravaged Population

• Ghost Dance
• Final Effort to Drive Whites from Ancestral Lands
  
• U.S. Govt Suppressed Movement
• Wounded Knee
• Sitting Bull

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The West-Settlement of
the Last Frontier

• Removal of Native Americans

• U.S. Policy in 20th Century
• 1924- Grated U.S. Citizenship to All Native
  Americans
• Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
• Promoted Reestablishment of Tribal Organization
  and Culture

11
The New South

• South was continuing to recover from the
  devastating Civil War
• Some had the vision of a self-sufficient Southern
  economy

• Henry Grady, a newspaper writer began to write
  articles for economic diversity, and
  laissez-faire capitalism

12
The New South Economic Progress

• Prospering Southern Cities-
• Memphis, Tennessee
• Richmond, Virginia
• South overtaking New England in Textile Industry
  and cotton because of cheap labor
• Railroads helped in postwar growth in the South

13
The New South Continued Poverty

• South was a poor, agricultural area
• Economy was dominated by the North
• Most southerners were farmers, making it
  difficult for them to make a good living

• The poverty of the majority was caused by two
  main factors
• The Souths late start at Industrialization
• A Poorly Educated Workforce
• Failed to invest in technical and engineering
  schools unlike the North

14
The New South Agriculture

• Cotton is King
• However, some tried to diversify the crops
  instead of staying on cotton
• George Washington Carver

• Organizations were made to start political
  reforms to solve the farmers economic problems
• Farmers Southern Alliance
• Colored Farmers National Alliance

15
The New South Segregation

• Discrimination and the Supreme Court-
• Civil Rights Cases of 1883
• Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
• Separate But Equal Accommodations
• Jim Crow Laws
• Segregated Facilities for Balcks and Whites

16
The New South Responding to Segregation

• Bishop Henry Turner
• International Migration Society
• Ida B. Wells
• Fighting against lynching and the Jim Crow laws
• Had to move to the North
• Free Speech

17
The New South Responding to Segregation

• WEB Du Bois
• Demanded an end to segregation and the granting
  of equal rights civil rights to all Americans

• Booker T. Washington
• National Negro Business League
• Teaching African Americans skilled trades, the
  virtues of hard work and economic self help

18
Farm Problems North, South, and West

• Changes in Agriculture
• Falling Prices
• Rising Costs

19
Farm Problems North, South, and West

• Important Supreme Court Cases
• Munn vs. Illinois (1877) The Supreme Court
  upheld the right of a state to regulate
  businesses of a public nature, such as railroads.
• Wabash vs. Illinois (1886) Individual states
  could not regulate interstate commerce. This
  decision nullified many of the state regulations
  achieved by the Grangers.

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Farm Problems North, South, and West

• Oliver H. Kelley

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Farm Problems North, South, and West

• Important Acts of Congress
• Interstate Commerce Act (1886) It required that
  railroad rates be reasonable and just. Also it
  setup the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC),
  which was mainly useless for farmers and instead
  helped railroads.

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The End!

• Dont Worry, Were More Than Halfway Through Now
  People
• Paul Says YAY!