The Age of Religious Wars

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The Age of Religious Wars

• Dogma to Politics(?)

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• Huguenots term applied to Protestants in 16th
  century France
• Calvinist in nature
• French monarchy suppressed Huguenots initially to
  placate Charles V who had captured Francis I at
  the Battle of Pavia 1525.

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• Initial French persecution of Huguenots drove
  Calvin and his supporters to Geneva
• EDICT OF FONTAINEBLEAU 1540 French
  Protestants subjected to Inquisition
• Anti-Huguenot measures increased under Henry II
  and the EDICT OF CHATEAUBRIAND 1551

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• 1559 Henry II of France died after a jousting
  accident.
• The succession of his young son Francis II threw
  the balance of power in Europe off as external
  and internal rivals jockeyed for power.
• Henry IIs wife CATHERINE DE MEDICIS was the
  de facto ruler while her sons kept ruling and
  dying.

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Internal Opposition in France to the Valois Regime

• BOURBONS French noble family from the south and
  west Louis, Prince of Conde
• MONTMORENCY-CHATILLONS noble family centered in
  the middle of France Admiral Gaspard de Coligny
• GUISE strongest noble family powerful in the
  eastern part of France ultra-Catholic. Marie
  de Guise was married to James V of Scotland and
  the mother of Mary, Queen of Scots wife of
  Francis II of France

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Guise control of Francis II

• Francis, Duke of Guise powerful general
• Charles and Louis de Guise important French
  cardinals
• The Guise faction represented militant and
  reactionary Catholic views in how to control the
  Protestants.

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• The Bourbon and Montmorency-Chatillon families
  became increasingly associated with the Huguenot
  movement for both political and religious
  reasons.
• Calvinism was seen as a way to achieve
  decentralization of power Peace of Augsburg
  as noble families tried to regain some of their
  earlier dominance over the monarchy.
• Conde and Coligny were military men who combined
  their religious/political/military prowess into
  challenging the weak king and his Italian mother.

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• With the death of Francis II in 1560, Catherine
  de Medicis was appointed regent for her minor son
  Charles IX.
• Catherines motivation was always the
  preservation of her sons power often making
  her side with the growing Huguenots in order to
  counter the Guise family this all despite her
  personal hatred of the Protestant movement.
• 1562 JANUARY EDICT Huguenots given the right
  to practice publicly outside towns and privately
  within.

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The Start of the French Wars of Religion (and
politics!)

• March 1562 Duke of Guise attacked a Protestant
  congregation at Vassy and massacred them
• Catherine felt obligated to make a deal with the
  ultra-Catholic Guise factions in part due to
  weak initial support for her position by the
  Bourbon of Montmorency-Chatillon factions
• INITIAL PHASE FRENCH WAR OF RELIGION 1562-1563
  Duke of Guise assassinated French Huguenots
  fought along side Protestant troops for Hesse and
  the Palatinate.

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• 1567-1568 second phase
• 1568-1570 third and most violent phase
• Conde was killed Coligny became leader of
  Huguenot faction
• PEACE OF SAINT-GERMAIN-EN-LAYE crown recognized
  Huguenot right to worship in their territories
  and right to fortify their towns.
• Catherine moved toward the Huguenots and used
  Coligny as a trusted advisor.
• Secretly, Catherine began to negotiate with the
  Guise faction to subdue the Huguenots and Coligny
• Coligny was planning to use French troops to help
  LOUIS OF NASSAU in the Netherlands to attack the
  Spanish forces of Philip II.
• Catherine feared that angering her former
  son-in-law Philip II of Spain would bring Spanish
  and Imperial wrath against France.
• France could not count on its former ally against
  the Empire the Ottoman Turks since their
  defeat at the BATTLE OF LEPANTO in 1571
• WHAT WAS CATHERINE TO DO????

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The Saint Bartholomews Day Massacres 1572

• 1. Catherines daughter Marguerite of Valois
  married Henry of Navarre leader of the Bourbon
  family and a Huguenot
• 2. Coligny shot by a would-be assassin
  organized by the Guise with knowledge of
  Catherine
• 3. Catherine convinced the young king that the
  Huguenots were moving to seize his crown and only
  a swift and massive attack on Huguenots could
  save him.
• 4. 24 August 1572 Coligny and 3,000 Huguenots
  butchered in Paris over 20,000 died within the
  next few days
• 5. Pope Gregory XIII and Philip II ordered Masses
  of celebration
• BUT this proved to be a spark that would
  eventually engulf all of Europe!!!!!!!!!!!!!

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Protestant Resistance Theory

• The massacre in France convinced many Protestants
  that the initial reluctance of people such as
  Luther and Calvin to challenge the power of
  legitimate rulers was long past.
• Protestant leaders began to view the world as a
  struggle between freedom and slavery to Rome.
• John Knox in Scotland had seen Scotland abused by
  French troops under Marie de Guise and knew of
  the Oxford burnings by Catholic Mary I of
  England.
• His work First Blast of the Trumpet against the
  Terrible Regiment of Women 1558 was reread with
  new interest as it challenged rulers

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• 1573 Franco-Gallia Francois Hartman claimed
  that the Estates General in France had higher
  authority than the monarch this applied to
  religious and civil actions
• 1574 On the Right of Magistrates over Their
  Subjects Theodore Beza tyrannical rulers
  could be overthrown
• 1579 Defense of Liberty Against Tyrants
  Philippe du Plessis Mornay urged the use of
  arms against tyrannical rulers in other lands.

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Rise of Henry of Navarre

• 1574 Charles IX died and was succeeded by his
  brother Henry III
• 1576 Catholic League led by the Guise and
  supported by Spanish gold
• POLITIQUE
• Peace of Beaulieu 1576 Huguenots granted almost
  complete religious and civil liberties.
• 1577 Catholic League pressure made Henry III
  reduce the benefits of the Peace pushing all
  sides back to their hard line positions

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• Henry of Navarre Henry Bourbon was a direct
  male descendant from Louis IX and Huguenots
  looked to him to be the next French king
• 1588 Catholic League took over Paris DAY OF
  THE BARRICADES Henry III tried to force the
  League out of Paris failed and he fled
• 1588 news of the defeat of the Spanish Armada
  inspired Henry III to order the assassinations of
  the duke of Guise and the Cardinal de Guise the
  Catholics began a new slaughter of Protestants
• Henry III made an alliance with Henry of Navarre

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• War of the Three Henries
• 1589 Dominican friar assassinated Henry III
• Henry of Navarre ascended to the throne as Henry
  IV and started the House of Bourbon
• Pope Sixtus V and Philip II were horrified at a
  Huguenots on the throne of France Philip began
  plans to overthrow Henry IV and place his
  daughter Isabella of the throne despite Salic
  Law as she was the grandchild of Henry II and
  Catherine de Medicis

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Paris of Worth a Mass

• In an attempt to bring stability to France and
  his throne Henry IV public ally converted to
  Catholicism removing all Spanish, Papal, and
  Imperial objections to his rule.
• 1598 EDICT OF NANTES Huguenots granted
  freedom of worship and assembly mainly within
  their own town and a right to fortify their
  towns
• Peace????

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With all of the bloodshed what happened to the
Catholic Reformation???

• The Catholic Church eventually woke up to the
  urgency of the threat the Protestant Reformation
  posed to the power of the Catholic Church.
• How to compete? Fight and/or Reform
• Return to medieval piety and mysticism
• St. Teresa of Avila
• St. John of the Cross

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The Shock Troops of the Papacy

• Ignatius of Loyola
• Society of Jesus
• Soldiers of Christ
• Spiritual Exercises

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The Council of Trent 1545-1563

• Reforms
• Bishops had to live in their dioceses
• Local bishops can discipline religious orders
• Curtail selling of church offices
• Bishops had to preach regularly
• Annual visitations by bishops
• Parish priests required to dress well, be
  educated, be celibate, work among parishioners
• Seminaries in every diocese
• NO THEOLOGICAL CHANGES

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• In response to the visually and auditorially
  plain Protestant liturgy from the near Catholic
  Anglican to the minimalist Puritan the Catholic
  church re-embraced extravagant music, paintings,
  architecture etc.
• Baroque

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Politique

• Political figures in the late 16th and early 17th
  century often had to walk a fine tight rope
  between personal religious beliefs and a need to
  unite a kingdom.
• When rulers such as Henry IV who converted to
  Catholicism or Elizabeth I who did not
  persecute Catholics who did not break her laws
  put political unity above strict adherence to
  dogma they were called POLITIQUES.

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Philip II of Spain the Netherlands, France, and
England

• Spanish power came from gold from the Americas
  and control of European trade through the
  Netherlands.
• When Charles V abdicated from the throne of Spain
  and HRE his brother Ferdinand was elected HRE
  and his son Philip II was named king of Spain and
  given control of the Netherlands.
• The Netherlands had been a breeding ground for
  Calvinist thought AND was the main trading
  path for England PROBLEMS with Catholic Philip
  II will arise.!!!!!!

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• Spanish forces controlled the New World
  Mediterranean Sea (after Battle of Lepanto 1571)
  portraying the Spanish forces as the forces of
  Catholicism against Turks, Aztecs, and also
  Protestants.

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The Netherlands

• The Low Countries or the Netherlands as they
  were called in the late 1500s was a series of
  regions separated by culture, religion and
  language.
• Areas such as Flanders and Luxembourg spoke
  French or Flemish as their language and were
  overwhelmingly Catholic.
• Areas in the north spoke primarily Dutch or forms
  of German and were primarily Calvinist Holland,
  and Utrecht

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• 1559- Philip II left his residence in the
  Netherlands and moved to Spain for the remained
  of his life.
• His half-sister, MARGARET OF PARMA was named
  regent ruling in his stead with a council.

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• Margarets council was headed by CARDINAL
  GRENVELLE whose plan for Philips control of
  the Netherlands rested in
• Internal church reforms
• Destroying traditional self-autonomy of the
  various regions
• Creating a docile, weak, and unified Netherlands

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Resistance to Granvelle and Margaret

• The COUNT OF EGMONT and WILLIAM OF NASSAU, THE
  PRINCE OF ORANGE, THE SILENT led the opposition
  to the policies of the council

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• William the Silent politique raised Catholic
  married Lutheran granddaughter of Luthers
  benefactor Philip of Hesse St. Bartholomews
  Day Massacre was what inspired him to become a
  Calvinist

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• 1564 after attempting to unify the Netherlands
  clergy under Spanish control Egmont and Orange
  were able to united opposition and force
  Granvelles removal from office.
• The Netherlands grew restless as Calvinists urged
  greater separation from Spain and economic
  changes pushed urban artisans to unrest.

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• 1564 Philip II decided to impose all aspects of
  the Council of Trent within the Netherlands
  attempting to unify the Netherlands religiously
  and politically.
• Protestants and nationalists rallied around Louis
  of Nassau and pledge to the COMPROMISE of 1564
  which was a pledge to oppose the Council of Trent
  and the Spanish Inquisition.
• 1566 French Huguenot and German Lutheran forced
  flooded into the Netherlands in support of the
  Netherlands.
• RELIGION AND POLITICS

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• While nobles even Protestant nobles did not
  support the foreign troops and the radical
  Calvinists of the Netherlands PHILIP II was
  fearful of revolt and sent the DUKE OF ALBA the
  Iron Duke to restore the complete power of
  Philip II

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• 1567 the Duke of Alba marched from Milan with
  10,000 soldiers with the support of the papacy.
• Alba established the COUNCIL OF TROUBLES which
  arrested and executed thousands of heretics in
  the Netherlands EGMONT as among them.
• The Protestants renamed the council THE COUNCIL
  OF BLOOD.
• 10th penny the Netherlands were forced to pay a
  tax for their own subjugation.

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• The execution of men such as the Count of Egmont
  and the Spanish subjugation of the Netherlands
  through the Spanish Inquisition and Spanish
  forces led disparate faction in the Netherlands
  to unite in opposition of Philip II and his rule.
  William of Orange was in exile in Germany.

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Sea Beggars

• Anti-Spanish militants international in scope
  raided towns along the sea attacking the
  Spanish forces in the Netherlands
• Initially, Elizabeth I supported their moves
  but their piratical nature threatened Spanish
  retaliation against England so Elizabeth
  withdrew her open support.
• 1574 town of Leiden was under siege by the
  Spanish the town opened the dikes and flooded
  the land rather than allow the Spanish to take it
  damp earth policy
• Alba was replaced

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The Pacification of Ghent

• 1576 Spanish mercenaries were unpaid and
  leaderless they brutalized Antwerp killing
  thousands THE SPANISH FURY
• Catholic factions in the south united with the
  Calvinist north in opposition to Spain
  PACIFICATION OF GHENT agreed to allow local
  leaders to determine religion of their areas.
• 1577 UNION OF BRUSSELS all provinces in the
  Netherlands united against Spain.

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• PERPETUAL EDICT 1577 leader of Spanish forces
  in the Netherlands agreed to remove all Spanish
  forces.
• This was particularly annoying to Philip II not
  only because it challenged his power but
  because the Netherlands was to be the staging
  ground for Philip IIs invasion of Elizabeths
  England.

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Union of Arras Union of Utrecht

• 1579 fear of radical Calvinism led the southern
  provinces in the Netherlands to break away from
  the Union of Brussels - they formed the UNION OF
  ARRAS and made peace with Spain
• Spanish forces used the southern Catholic fear of
  the Calvinists in order to re-introduce Spanish
  power.
• The northern Calvinist provinces reorganized as
  the UNION OF UTRECHT

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Lets bring in England and France

• England under Elizabeth was desperate to keep
  Spanish influence in the Netherlands at a minimum
  because of economics and fear of invasion
• France liked an independent Netherlands
  allowing French economic influence in the region
  and keeping Habsburg influence at bay

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• THE APOLOGY 1580 after Philip II declared him
  an outlaw William of Orange issued the Apology
  which denounced Philip II as a heretic and tyrant
  rejecting Philips right to rule in the
  Netherlands
• The Union of Arras and the Union of Utrecht
  named the brother of the French king the Duke
  of Alencon as their sovereign

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• Alencon was a failure as Calvinist distrust of
  the Catholic and Alencons own ineptitude led him
  to be deposed in 1583.
• William of Orange was assassinated by a priest in
  1584
• Philip secretly signed the TREATY OF JOINVILLE
  1584 - with the Guise family against the rule of
  Henry III
• Philip IIs Spanish Armada in 1588 led
  Elizabeth to send troops to the Netherlands to
  defeat the Spanish.

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• Spanish reoccupation with England and France
  allowed the northern provinces to push the
  Spanish forces out 1593.
• Independent northern provinces recognized by
  England and France in 1596
• 1609 TWELVE YEARS TRUCE formal peace with
  Spain
• 1648 TREATY OF WESTPHALIA Spain formally
  recognized the independence of the northern
  provinces UNITED PROVINCES

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England and Spain a fight for supremacy

• 1554 the Spanish marriage of Philip II to his
  cousin Mary I of England.
• Mary provided Philip a balance against France
• Each monarchy was eager to support the Catholic
  cause and eliminate Protestants

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• Even English who supported the return to Rome
  were against the Spanish marriage.
• Growing nationalism took precedence over
  religious unity
• Protestants were infuriated over the marriage
  leading to Thomas Wyatts rebellion.
• Many Protestant leaders fled England Marian
  Exiles many ending up in Geneva where they
  became radicalized by Calvin.
• Hundreds of Protestants were martyred such as
  Thomas Cranmer, the Archbishop of Canterbury at
  Oxford.

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• Oxford

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Elizabeth I r. 1558-1603

• The Spanish marriage led to the English loss of
  Calais so when Mary I died in 1558 the people
  of England rejoiced.
• Elizabeth approached the question of religion
  from the position of a politique
• The monarch retained power through a centralized
  episcopal hierarchy
• Protestant dogma was combined with Catholic ritual

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• Episcopus Latin from the Greek for bishop
  signifying a church organized along a strong
  hierarchy.
• EPISCOPAL
• Presbyter term for church elder signifying a
  church with no or limited hierarchy no bishops
  individual churches often nearly autonomous
• PRESBYTERIAN

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• 1559 Act of Supremacy Parliament re-asserted
  the Church of England
• 1559 Act of Uniformity revised version of The
  Book of Common Prayer neither Catholics nor
  Presbyterians pleased.
• 1563 THIRTY-NINE ARTICLES dogma for Church of
  England

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• Elizabeths main advisor was WILLIAM CECIL, LORD
  BURGHLEY
• He was with Elizabeth for nearly her entire reign

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• Sir Francis Walsingham Elizabeth Is Spy Master
• Despite the ELIZABETHAN SETTLEMENT which was an
  attempt to maintain Elizabeths power without
  persecuting the Catholics there were many
  Catholic plots to assassinate Elizabeth.
• Walsinghams spies foiled the assassination plots

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Catholic Plots against Elizabeth I

• Spain Philip II was angered over Englands
  religious stance but was especially eager to
  see the death of Elizabeth because of
• Elizabeths support of the rebels in the
  Netherlands
• Elizabeths support of Sir Francis Drake and
  other Sea Dogs who plundered Spanish gold with
  support and knowledge of Elizabeth
• Philip thought the removal of Elizabeth and her
  replacement by her cousin Mary, Queen of Scots
  would make England and Scotland puppets of Spain
  removing threats to Spain and weakening France.

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Mary, Queen of Scots
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• Drake

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Rising of the North Revolt of the Northern
Earls 1569

• Since the days of Henry VIII the earls in the
  north of England had chaffed under royal control.
  Many were ardent Catholics and others had
  developed a sense of independence brought about
  by distance from London.
• 1569 Catholic earls in the north rebelled
  against Elizabeth and her policies many hoped
  to place Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne.
• The uprising was put down and several earls were
  executed.

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Ridolfi Plot

• 1570 Pope Pius V excommunicated Elizabeth
  REGNANS IN EXCELSIS - and removed her subjects
  form their obligation of loyalty to her.
• The failure of the Rising of the North led many
  to believe that only foreign assistance could
  overthrow Elizabeth
• Roberto di Ridolfi - international banker
  organized a plot to have the Duke of Alba invade
  from the Netherlands and place Mary, Queen of
  Scots on the throne. News of the plot and Albas
  later reluctance to place a member of the House
  of Guise on the English throne ended the plot.
• The plot was also led by the Duke of Norfolk
  Elizabeths cousin who hoped to marry Mary,
  Queen of Scots he was executed in 1572

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• Norfolk

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Throckmorton Plot 1583

• Francis Throckmorton plotted with the Guise
  family in France to assassinate Elizabeth and
  place Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne of
  England.
• Discovered and Throckmorton executed.

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Parry Plot

• 1585 William Parry worked as a double agent
  against Catholics and then against Elizabeth in
  order to pay off his debts.
• His idea of shooting Elizabeth as she rode in her
  carriage led to his execution.

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The Babington Plot 1586

• Sir Anthony Babington plotted with Mary, Queen of
  Scots and JOHN BALLARD Jesuit priest to
  assassinate Elizabeth and use Spanish troops to
  install Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne.
• FINALLY, Elizabeth was persuaded by her advisors
  that a living and plotting Mary, Queen of Scots
  was too much of a threat to Elizabeth and England
  to live.

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1587 Mary, Queen of Scots was executed
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• Elizabeth I
• Marys death brought
• THE ARMADA

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The Spanish Armada 1588

• The 1587 execution of Mary, Queen of Scots
  combined with Elizabeths continual assistance in
  money and eventually soldiers to the Protestant
  forces in the Netherlands AND English plundering
  of Spanish gold from the Americas forced Philip
  IIs hand to finally send an invasion force
  designed for the elimination of Elizabeth and the
  return of England to the Church of Rome by force.

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• 130 ships and 25,000 men sailed for England led
  by the unhappy and unprepared Duke of
  Medina-Sidonia.
• In the Netherlands ships and barges filled with
  men were to join the force but never left the
  coast of Europe.

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The English Wind

• The English navy under the command of
  Elizabeths cousin Lord Howard and Sir Francis
  Drake defeated (?) the Spanish.
• Unfavorable winds large and bulky Spanish ships
  contributed to the eventual destruction of the
  Armada saving Elizabeth and England.
• Elizabeth had a medal of victory commissioned
  but also dismissed many of her sailors in order
  to save money leaving many of them destitute.

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• My loving people, we have been persuaded by some,
  that are careful of our safety, to take heed how
  we commit ourselves to armed multitudes, for fear
  of treachery but I assure you, I do not desire
  to live to distrust my faithful and loving
  people. Let tyrants fear I have always so
  behaved myself that, under God, I have placed my
  chiefest strength and safeguard in the loyal
  hearts and good will of my subjects. And
  therefore I am come amongst you at this time, not
  as for my recreation or sport, but being resolved,

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• in the midst and heat of the battle, to live or
  die amongst you all to lay down, for my God, and
  for my kingdom, and for my people, my honor and
  my blood, even the dust. I know I have but the
  body of a weak and feeble woman but I have the
  heart of a king, and of a king of England, too
  and think foul scorn that Parma or Spain,
• or any prince of Europe, should dare to invade
  the borders of my realms to which, rather than
  any dishonor should grow by me, I myself will
  take up arms I myself will be your general,
  judge, and rewarder of every one of your virtues
  in the field. I know already, by your
  forwardness, that you have deserved rewards

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• and crowns and we do assure you, on the word of
  a prince, they
• shall be duly paid you. In the mean my lieutenant
  general shall
• be in my stead, than whom never prince commanded
  a more noble
• and worthy subject not doubting by your
  obedience to my general,
• by your concord in the camp, and by your valor in
  the field, we
• shall shortly have a famous victory over the
  enemies of my God,
• of my kingdom, and of my people.
• Elizabeth I, 1588

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