The History of health care

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TheHistory of health care

• Unit 1

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History of Health Care

• Introduction
• Why is it important to understand the history
  of health care?

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History of Health Care

• Introduction
• You have an infected finger and the doctor
  orders leeches to treat the infection.

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History of Health Care

• Introduction
• Is this an ancient or modern treatment? Does
  it work?

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History of Health Care

• I. Health Care Through Time
• 4000 BC-3000 BC Primitive Times
• Illness disease caused by spirits and demons
• Average life span 20 years

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History of Health Care

• I. Health Care Through Time
• 3000 BC-300 BC Ancient Egyptians
• Believed body was system of channels (ducts)
• Bloodletting was used when channels were
  blocked
• Average life span 20-30 years

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History of Health Care

• I. Health Care Through Time
• 1700 BC-AD 220 Ancient Chinese
• Used acupuncture to relieve pain and congestion
• Average life span 20-30 years

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History of Health Care

• I. Health Care Through Time
• 1200 BC-200 BC Ancient Greeks
• Hippocrates Father of Medicine
• Developed organized method to observe human body
• Recorded Signs Symptoms

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History of Health Care

• I. Health Care Through Time
• 1200 BC-200 BC Ancient Greeks
• Hippocrates Father of Medicine
• Created high standardof ethicsThe Hippocratic
  Oathused by physicians today.

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History of Health Care

• I. Health Care Through Time
• 1200 BC-200 BC Ancient Greeks
• Aristotle Dissected animals founder of what is
  known today as anatomy
• Avg. life span25-35 years

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History of Health Care

• I. Health Care Through Time
• 753 BC-AD 410 Ancient Romans
• First to provide medical care for injured
  soldiers
• Physicians cared for ill people in their homes
• Hospitals established in religious institutions

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History of Health Care

• I. Health Care Through Time
• 753 BC-AD 410 Ancient Romans
• Began public health sanitation systems
• Aqueducts to carry clean water to cities
• Sewers to carry waste away from cities

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History of Health Care

• I. Health Care Through Time
• 753 BC-AD 410 Ancient Romans
• Claudius Galen physician body is controlled by
  a balance of fluids (humors), blood, phlegm and
  bile. Imbalance in fluids lead to illness.
• Average life span 25-35 years

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History of Health Care

• I. Health Care Through Time
• AD 400- AD 800 Dark Ages
• Prayer divine intervention used to treat
  illness disease
• Study of medicine was prohibited
• Average life span 20-30 years

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History of Health Care

• I. Health Care Through Time
• AD 800- AD 1400 Middle Ages
• Medical universities were created
• Pandemic killed ¾ of the population of Europe
  Asia
• Arab physicians required to pass exam before
  getting license to practice
• Average life span 20-35 years

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History of Health Care

• I. Health Care Through Time
• AD 1350- AD 1650 Renaissance
• Body dissection was performed
• Michelangelo Leonardo da Vinci drew human body
• Printing press allowed for distribution of
  information
• First anatomy book published

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History of Health Care

• I. Health Care Through Time
• AD 1350- AD 1650 Renaissance
• Average life span 30-40 years

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History of Health Care

• I. Health Care Through Time
• 16th 17th Centuries
• Cause of diseases still not known
• Ambrose Pare Father of modern surgery
• William Harvey described circulation to and from
  the heart

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History of Health Care

• I. Health Care Through Time
• 16th 17th Centuries
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek invented microscope
• Average life span 35-45 years

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History of Health Care

• I. Health Care Through Time
• 18th Century
• Gabriel Fahrenheit invented first mercury
  thermometer

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History of Health Care

• I. Health Care Through Time
• 18th Century
• Benjamin Franklin invented bifocals
• Edward Jenner developed vaccination for smallpox

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History of Health Care

• I. Health Care Through Time
• 18th Century
• Average life span 40-50 years

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History of Health Care

• I. Health Care Through Time
• 19th Century
• French barbersacted as surgeonsby extracting
  teeth, using leeches for treatment and giving
  enemas

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History of Health Care

• I. Health Care Through Time
• 19th Century
• 1st Blood transfusion (1818)

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History of Health Care

• I. Health Care Through Time
• 19th Century
• Rene Laennecinvented stethoscope(1819)

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History of Health Care

• I. Health Care Through Time
• 19th Century
• Elizabeth Blackwell first female physician in
  the U.S. (1849)

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History of Health Care

• I. Health Care Through Time
• 19th Century
• Florence Nightingale Founder of modern
  nursing
• Began educationfor nurses (1850s 1860s)

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History of Health Care

• I. Health Care Through Time
• 19th Century
• Joseph Lister began use of disinfectants and
  antiseptics in surgery to prevent infection
  (1865)

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History of Health Care

• I. Health Care Through Time
• 19th Century
• Louis Pasteur pasteurized milk to kill
  bacteria
• Created rabiesvaccine (1885)

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History of Health Care

• I. Health Care Through Time
• 19th Century
• Dimitri Ivanofski discovered viruses (1892)

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History of Health Care

• I. Health Care Through Time
• 19th Century
• Wilhelm Roentgen discoveredx-rays (1895)

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History of Health Care

• I. Health Care Through Time
• 19th Century
• Average life span 40-60 years

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History of Health Care

• I. Health Care Through Time
• 20th Century
• Most rapid growth in modern healthcare occurred
  during this time period
• Many diseases were specifically identified,
  treated and cured

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History of Health Care

• I. Health Care Through Time
• 20th Century
• Standards of care were established
• Technology is integrated into healthcare and is
  used in every aspect of medical care today

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History of Health Care

• I. Health Care Through Time
• 20th Century
• Carl LandsteinerClassified ABOblood groups
  (1901)

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History of Health Care

• I. Health Care Through Time
• 20th Century
• Sigmund Freudformed the basisfor psychology
  psychiatry (early 1900s)

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History of Health Care

• I. Health Care Through Time
• 20th Century
• Frederick Banting Charles Bestdiscovered
  used insulinto treat diabetes(1922)

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History of Health Care

• I. Health Care Through Time
• 20th Century
• Sir Alexander Flemingdiscovered the
  antibioticpenicillin (1928)

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History of Health Care

• I. Health Care Through Time
• 20th Century
• George Papanicolaoudeveloped the pap
  smearto detect cervical cancerin females

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History of Health Care

• I. Health Care Through Time
• 20th Century
• Jonas Salkdeveloped the polio vaccineusing
  deadpolio virus(1952)

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History of Health Care

• I. Health Care Through Time
• 20th Century
• Francis Crick James Watsondiscoveredthe
  structureof DNA, ourgenetic blue-print (1953)

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History of Health Care

• I. Health Care Through Time
• 20th Century
• Christian BarnardPerformed 1st heart
  transplant(1968)

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History of Health Care

• I. Health Care Through Time
• 20th Century
• CAT Scandeveloped (1975)

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History of Health Care

• I. Health Care Through Time
• 20th Century
• Louise Brownfirst test-tube baby,conceived
  ina laboratory(1978)

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History of Health Care

• I. Health Care Through Time
• 20th Century
• Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)first
  identified as a disease(1981)HIV (1984)

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History of Health Care

• I. Health Care Through Time
• 20th Century
• Ben CarsonFirst to separateconjoined
  twinshas pioneeredmany new procedures (1987)

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History of Health Care

• I. Health Care Through Time
• 20th Century
• Sheep ClonedDolly thesheep was cloned
  byDr. Ian Wilmut(1997)

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History of Health Care

• I. Health Care Through Time
• 20th Century
• Average life span 60-70 years

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History of Health Care

• I. Health Care Through Time
• 21st Century
• What impact will YOU have on the history of
  health care?
• What will YOU discover?
• What will YOU cure?
• Average life span 100 yrs plus?

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History of Health Care

• II. Trends In Health Care
• Cost Containment

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History of Health Care

• II. Trends In Health Care
• A. Cost Containment controlling the rising cost
  of health care
• - Reasons high costs
• Technological advances
• Aging population (Rx)
• Lawsuits (malpractice Ins.)

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History of Health Care

• II. Trends In Health Care
• B. Diagnostic Related Groups DRGs place a
  limit on the cost of health care. Example (?)
  Surgery 5,000 LimitIf hospital costs are less
  than 5,000 then hospital makes , otherwise
  hospital loses

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History of Health Care

• II. Trends In Health Care
• B. Diagnostic Related Groups
• 1) Combination of Services health care
  facilities shop for services (laboratory, x-ray,
  etc.) to save .

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History of Health Care

• II. Trends In Health Care
• C. Outpatient Services Patients receive care
  and are discharged home without being admitted to
  the hospital. Examples Surgical Centers,
  Physical Therapy, etc.

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History of Health Care

• II. Trends In Health Care
• D. Energy Conservation Energy is a large
  expense for health care facilities.
• - Energy Efficient Bulbs - Consolidating Work
  Areas - Recycling

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History of Health Care

• II. Trends In Health Care
• E. Summary The quality of health care should
  not be lowered simply to control costs.
• - Provider responsibility provide the best
  health care while being conscious of costs

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History of Health Care

• II. Trends In Health Care
• E. Summary The quality of health care should
  not be lowered simply to control costs.
• - Personal responsibility take preventative
  measures to avoid or limit injury, illness
  disease

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History of Health Care

• II. Trends In Health Care
• Home Health Care

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History of Health Care

• II. Trends In Health Care
• A. Home Health Care Created mainly as a result
  of DRGs. History shows that this is not a new
  concept.

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History of Health Care

• II. Trends In Health Care
• Home Health Care Services include
• - Nursing care
• - Physical/occupational therapies
• - Respiratory therapy
• - Social services
• - Nutrition food services

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History of Health Care

• II. Trends In Health Care
• Geriatric Care

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History of Health Care

• II. Trends In Health Care
• A. Geriatric Care Care of the elderly. People
  are living longer.

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History of Health Care

• II. Trends In Health Care
• A. Geriatric Care Omnibus Budget
  Reconciliation Act of 1987 (OBRA)Government Act
  which requires states to establish competency
  standards which nursing assistants must meet.
  (Exam)

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History of Health Care

• II. Trends In Health Care
• A. Geriatric Care Omnibus Budget
  Reconciliation Act of 1987 (OBRA)Requires
  long-term health care workers to attend
  continuing education courses

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History of Health Care

• II. Trends In Health Care
• A. Geriatric Care Omnibus Budget
  Reconciliation Act of 1987 (OBRA)Loss of
  license/certificate can occur if compliance is
  not maintained. Facility can also be fined and
  even shut down.

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History of Health Care

• II. Trends In Health Care
• A. Geriatric Care Types of Facilities
• - Adult day care centers
• - Retirement communities
• - Assisted living care centers
• - Long-term care centers

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History of Health Care

• II. Trends In Health Care
• Telemedicine

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History of Health Care

• II. Trends In Health Care
• A. Telemedicine Involves using technology to
  provide care
• Methods
• - Computerized (EKGs)- Remote (robotics)
• - Video (surgery)
• - Phone/Fax (Reports)

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History of Health Care

• II. Trends In Health Care
• Wellness

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History of Health Care

• II. Trends In Health Care
• A. Wellness A state of being in optimum health
  as it relates to physical, mental and social
  health.Preventative measures diet, exercise,
  rest, stress reduction, habit cessation

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History of Health Care

• II. Trends In Health Care
• Alternative Complementary Methods of Health Care

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History of Health Care

• II. Trends In Health Care
• A. Alternative Medicine Involves evaluating and
  treating illness and disease in ways which may
  differ from current, modern medical treatment or
  enhance medical treatment being used.

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History of Health Care

• II. Trends In Health Care
• A. Alternative Medicine Practitioners
• - Ayurvedic harmonizing body and mind
• - Chinese Acupressure Acupuncture Life Energy
  (Chi)

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History of Health Care

• II. Trends In Health Care
• A. Alternative Medicine Practitioners
• - Chiropractors energy through nerves spinal
  alignment
• - Homeopaths body can heal itself with immune
  system

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History of Health Care

• II. Trends In Health Care
• A. Alternative Medicine Practitioners
• - Hypnotist trance-like state verbal
  suggestions follow
• - Naturopaths natural therapies only fasting,
  diets, lifestyle changes

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History of Health Care

• II. Trends In Health Care
• National Health Care Plan

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History of Health Care

• II. Trends In Health Care
• A. National Health Care Plan Nationalizing
  health care is being considered as a result of
  rising health costs.

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History of Health Care

• II. Trends In Health Care
• A. National Health Care Plan - Government
  Health Care - taxes to help pay- Health Care
  Co-op
• - grouping of health care providers which
  provide care at lower costs

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History of Health Care

• II. Trends In Health Care
• A. National Health Care Plan - Managed Care -
  employers provide ins. government
  helps pay for poor- State-run Health
  Care
• - Each state develops plan

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History of Health Care

• II. Trends In Health Care
• A. National Health Care Plan Goal Health Care
  For AllPotential Drawbacks- Insured paying for
  uninsured- Limited choices of providers-
  Limited care

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History of Health Care

• End of Lecture