Democratic Policies, Religious Revival and Reform

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Democratic Policies, Religious Revival and Reform

• Chapter 10
• 1824-1840

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Introduction Questions

• How were Americans democratized between 1800 and
  1840?
• Why was Andrew Jackson so popular with voters?
• How and why did Democratic and Whig parties
  emerge?
• What new assumptions about human nature did
  religious and reform leaders in the 1830s make?

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The Rise of Democratic Politics 1824-1840

• Introduction
• Republican Party is fragmenting because of
  pressures produced by industrialization in the
  North, the spread of cotton growing in the South
  and westward expansion
• Those who retained Jeffersons distrust of a
  strong federal government and preferred states
  rights became Democrats
• Those who favored an active federal government
  became Whigs
• Both Democrats and Whigs appealed to the common
  man to support them

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Democratic Ferment

• Property qualifications for voting were
  eliminated
• Written Ballots replaced voting aloud
• The minority party sought to increase the number
  of voters to attempt to turn itself into the
  majority party

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The Election of 1824

• Four Republicans Run
• Andrew Jackson received the most electoral votes
  but not a majority calls Adams election the
  Corrupt Bargain
• John Quincy Adams is elected for the Presidency
  by the House of Representatives
• William Crawford dies during the election
• Henry Clay is named Secretary of State by John
  Quincy Adams after Clay supports his Presidency
  in the House of Representatives

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John Quincy Adams as President

• Tried to encourage economic growth
• Did not communicate with other members of his
  political party and had a hard time as President

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The Rise of Andrew Jackson

• Battle of New Orleans made Jackson a National
  hero
• Jackson was a political outsider
• Jackson and Martin Van Buren referred to
  themselves as Democrats
• Democrats nominated Jackson for President in 1828
• Those who supported Adams called themselves
  National Republicans

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The Election of 1828

• Jackson is portrayed as a man of the people
• Adams is labeled as an aristocrat
• South and Southwest voted for Jackson
• North voted for Adams
• Mudslinging

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Jackson in Office

• Spoils System
• Opposed Federal monies for internal improvements,
  vetoed Marysville Road project
• Southerners supported the Indian Removal Act of
  1830 but did not like that Jackson did nothing
  against the Tariff of 1828

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Nullification

• Led to a break between Jackson and his VP John C.
  Calhoun
• Calhoun argued that tariffs were unconstitutional
  and therefore the Southern states did not have to
  follow (nullify) them

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The Bank Veto and the Election of 1832

• Jackson did not like the National Bank, he
  thought it was a monopoly
• Nations Bank controlled the nations credit and
  was a depository for federal monies
• National Bank was run by private stockholders
• Nicholas Biddle was the head of the bank and
  asked that the bank be re-chartered in 1832
• Jackson vetoed the bill
• Jackson and Van Buren run for re election
• National Republicans run Henry Clay- American
  System
• Jackson wins easily

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The Bank Controversy and the Second Party System
1833-1840

• The War on the Bank
• Jackson tries to bankrupt the National Bank by
  removing federal monies and depositing them in
  state banks of his choice
• Jacksons state banks are called pet banks
  because their leaders supported Jackson
• The State Banks issued credit and paper money
  which led to rapid inflation and speculation

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The Rise of Whig Opposition

• National Republicans changed their name to Whigs
  during Jackson's second term
• Southerners that were angry over the tariff
  issue, temperance and public school reformers,
  anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic Protestants,
  commercial merchants and bankers and
  manufacturers supported the Whigs

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The Election of 1836

• Martin Van Buren runs as a Democrat- wins a clear
  majority
• Whigs run 4 candidates
• William Henry Harrison
• Hugh L. White
• Daniel Webster
• Willie Person Mangum

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The Panic of 1837

• Economy goes into a severe depression
• Jacksons bank policies create inflation and
  speculation
• Specie Circular- Government owned land may only
  be purchased with gold

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The Search for Solutions

• Independent Treasury Bill 1840- Federal
  government will stay out of banking and federal
  monies will be kept in National treasury

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The Election of 1840

• Democrats choose Van Buren again
• Whigs choose William Henry Harrison and John
  Tyler (Tippecanoe and Tyler too)
• Harrison runs as the Jackson look alike man of
  the people and wins

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The Second Party System Matures

• Number of people voting increase by 60
• Popular campaigning techniques
• Strong contrast between parties
• Tariffs
• Banking

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The Rise of Popular Religion

• Introduction
• American Preachers reject the Calvinist doctrine
  of Predestination
• Message of salvation becomes more individualistic
• Second Great Awakening begins

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The Second Great Awakening

• Religious camp meetings
• Methodists are most successful
• Helped promote law and order in the West

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Eastern Revivals

• New York
• Burned Over District
• Charles G. Finney
• Slave Owners were sinners

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Critics of the Revivals The Unitarians

• New England educated and economic elite were
  turned off my the emotionalism and turned to
  Unitarianism
• Goodness is cultivated by a gradual process of
  character building and living by the teachings of
  Jesus

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The Rise of Mormonism

• Joseph Smith- 1820s
• Founded Nauvoo Illinois
• Polygamy
• Mob attacks the group and kills Smith
• Mormons must separate themselves from the rest of
  America
• Brigham Young- Utah

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The Shakers

• Mother Ann Lee
• Rejected economic individuality
• No marriages or reproduction
• Shaking with the Spirit during services

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The Age of Reform

• Reform Movement was strongest in New England and
  areas affected by the Second Great Awakening

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The War on Liquor

• Temperance began by preaching moderation in the
  use of liquor
• American Temperance Society began to demand total
  abstinence and prohibition
• Most members were middle class
• Alcohol consumption was cut in half from
  1820-1840

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Public Schools Reform

• Horace Mann advocated education reform
• State supported public schools
• Grouping students by age
• Longer school terms
• Standardized textbooks
• Compulsory attendance
• Businesses wanted educated workers
• Workingmen saw education as a road to mobility
• Women wanted education to open careers for women
• 1900-70 of teachers were women

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Abolition

• William Lloyd Garrison- The Liberator 1831
• American Anti-slavery Society- 1833
• Main argument between anti-slavery groups was
  womens rights
• Constitutional issues of right to freedom of
  expression and petition
• South on the defensive

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Womens Rights

• Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott- Seneca
  Falls convention 1841
• Declaration of Sentiments launched the feminist
  movement

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Penitentiaries and Asylums

• Proper discipline could solve the problems of
  crime, poverty and deviancy
• Dorothea Dix
• Punishment vs. Rehabilitation

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Utopian Communities

• New Harmony
• Hopedale
• Brook Farm
• Based upon ideal or utopian ideals

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Conclusion

• 1820-1840 politics and religion respond to the
  common man
• Jackson is elected by the common man, but his
  stance on internal improvements, protective
  tariffs, nullification and the national bank
  divided citizens and led to a 2 party system
• The Panic of 1837 furthered the divide in
  American Politics
• Reformers try to improve America idealistically
  to advance their aims