Introduction to Mineralogy Dr. Tark Hamilton Lecture 2

1
Introduction to MineralogyDr. Tark
HamiltonLecture 2

• Camosun College GEOS 250
• Lectures 930-1020 M T Th F300
• Lab 930-1220 W F300

2
A Mineral Cornelius S. Hurlbut

• A mineral is a wondrous thing. At least it is to
  me,
• For in its ordered structure lies a world of
  mystery.
• The secrets that it has withheld for countless
  ages past,
• And clung to most tenaciously and being learned
  at last.
• Each year using new techniques or with a new
  device,
• We make our knowledge more complete, our data
  more precise.
• But let us not in trying to solve a mineral
  mystery,
• Forget that minerals are a part of natural
  history.
• Nor in our quest for more detail in probing an
  unknown,
• Forget that every mineral has a beauty of its
  own.
• With progress in technology each year sees new
  machines,
• That try to copy nature by sophisticated means.
• But for all these modern methods we cannot yet
  compete,
• With the world of ordered beauty that lies
  beneath our feet.

3
Course Objectives

• Solid Earth Materials (specimens), their
  structure chemistry (theory)
• Symmetry Elements Crystallography of regular
  space filling lattices, Crystal systems, Space
  groups
• Mineral Classification Dana Stuntz, Groups by
  anions, elements, structures. Common silicates
  ore minerals
• Optical Mineralogy theory petrography
• Mineral formation, crystallization, kinetics

4
Mineralogy Resources

• The Manual of Mineral Science, (Danas
  Mineralogy) 23rd ed., Case Klein Barb Dutrow,
  Wiley 2008
• Mineralogy, 2nd ed. Dexter Perkins, Prentice
  Hall, 2002
• Minerals and Rocks Exercises in Crystal and
  Mineral Chemistry, Crystallography, X-ray Powder
  Diffraction, Mineral and Rock Identification, and
  Ore Mineralogy Case Klein
• Minerals in Thin Section, Dexter Perkins and
  Kevin Henke, 2nd ed., 2004
• Websites, mineral databases, crystallography,
  models, symmetry

5
WEB RESOURCES

• http//webmineral.com/help/Forms.shtmlisometric
•  
• http//www.rockhounds.com/rockshop/xtal/part1.html
  
•  
• http//www.klingereducational.com/
•  
• http//home.comcast.net/eswab/ObjectThumbnails.ht
  ml

6
Webmineral.com

• Mineral name, formula, composition
• Crystal form, symmetry, rotational views
• X-ray diffraction 3 biggest peaks
• Mineral search by element Mg, Na, Ti etc.
• Environment of formation
• Locality

7
Show a crystal cut-out modelhttp//webmineral.co
m/crystal/Isometric-Hextetrahedral.shtmlSystem
IsometricClass Hextetrahedral (48
faced)Herman-Maugin Symbol 4bar 3 mForms
(024), (124)
8
Minerals

• Solid
• Definite composition
• Naturally occurring
• Usually crystalline, not all well formed
• Inorganic (some oxalates (C2O4)-2 )
• Form by inorganic processes (some bio)
• Forming rocks mono-mineralic or poly-

9
Gas Hydrate Crystal Type I
TETRAKAIDECAHEDRON Weaire Phelan, 1993 Methane
hydrates are built from water cages held together
by hydrogen bonding. Methane molecules held
within 14 faced coordination structures.
Repulsive, symmetric, energetic methane occupies
enough of the sites to hold the structure up and
keep it from collapsing under its own weight and
waters intermolecular forces.
10
How Mineral Formation Differs from Synthetic
Crystalline Substances

• Geological time spans
  Quickly (seconds) - Hydrothermal to Slowly
  Magmatic crystallization to Mega-annum
  Regional Metamorphism
• High Temperatures (200C to 1700C) High
  pressures (102s106s bar)
  Specific/unusual compositions (Low fO2)
• Order/Disorder, inclusions, flaws, cooling

11
Minerals Comprise Rocks

• Sedimentary Grains - Quartz (ancient, Ga),
  Cements Dolomite, Greigite (diagenetic, a)
• Metamorphic Garnet, Biotite, Quartz, Feldspar
  (mountain building recrystallized, 107 a)
• Igneous Olivine, Pyroxene, Plagioclase,
  Magnetite (magma cooling, 100 a - 105 a)
• Meteoritic Kamacite (FegtNi), Taenite (NigtFe),
  Troilite (FeS), Olivine ((Mg,Fe)2 SiO4), Carbon
  (at 4.6 Ga, High-T Lo-P from Solar nebula)

12
Dol
Gr
Q
13
Klein Dutrow 2008, fig_01_09
14
Mineral Science What Mineralogists Do

• Crystallography Forms, symmetry, XRD
• Crystal Chemistry Inorganic, substitution,
  kinetics of formation
• Classification Composition Structure, 50 new
  minerals a year, 4000 total
• Paragenesis Geological occurrence, assemblage,
  setting, conditions
• Descriptive Locality, form, habit, colour

15
Klein Dutrow, 2008 fig_01_08
16
History of Technical Mineral Use

• gt40,000 BCE Fe2O3 red MnO(OH) black cave art
  Cu beads
• gt 3000 BCE Turquoise, Jade hoarded, collection
  trade
• 2900 BCE Egypt Bronze Age Greece Gold smelting
  refining
• 1500 BCE Refining minerals Plaster burners,
  Charcoal reduction of metal
• 1500 BCE Semitic Chetites, Fe tools
• 1000 BCE India Fe tools, Egypt Hg
• 1300 AD Additional smelting refining

17
Ancient Mineral Writings Ideas

• Heiroglyphics 2900 BCE (Bronze Age), Au, Ag,
  Cu-Sn, Ceramics, Enamelwork
• Leucippo 500 BCE Theory of Atoms
• Empedocles 430 BCE Earth, Air, Fire, H2O
• Theophrastus 287 BCE Concerning Stones
• Pliny 79 CE Natural History

18
Cornelius Agricola (1556) De Re Metallica

• Mining
• Ore Smelting
• Raises, tunnels, ore cars,
• Winzes, headframes
• (note clearcut wood fuel)

19
The Road to Modern Mineralogy

• 1669 Nicolaus Steno Constant interfacial angles
  of quartz from different places
• 1783 Rome dLIsle Carangeot Goniometer
  contact Law of Constancy of Interfacial Angles
• 1784 Rene de Hauy Crystals built up from
  integral molecules (unit cells)
• 1801 Rene de Hauy Rational Indices for Crystal
  Faces
• 1809 Wollaston Reflection goniometer

20
The Road to Modern Mineralogy

• 1874 Miller 2 circle goniometer, dihedral angles
• 1889 Federov poles to crystal faces plotted in
  stereographic projection (Wulff net) shows
  symmetry between faces
• 1914 Von Laue X-ray diffraction of ZnS NP
• 1921 G. Tschermak F. Becke Polarizing Microscope

21
Mineralogy, Alchemy the Roots of Modern
Chemistry

• 1660 Robert Boyle Sceptical Chemist Elements
  used in modern sense
• 1750 Joseph Proust Elements combine in Definite
  Proportions ? Compounds
• 1800 John Dalton, Wm Higgins Law of definite
  proportions (weight ratios)
• 1813 Jons J. Berzelius Symbols Atomic weights
  for 15 elements/Oxygen
• 1837 J. D. Dana A System of Mineralogy
• 1870 Dimitri Mendeleyev Periodic Chart
• 1871 J. L Meyer Atomic volumes vs wts.

22
Lifetime Per Capita Mineral Usage

• 1.64 X 106 Kg all minerals
• 361 Kg Pb batteries, solder
• 261 Kg Zn brass, cathodics, chemicals
• 682 Kg Cu wiring, alloys
• 1633 Kg Al aircraft, cans, foil, lawn chairs
• 14864 Kg Fe spoons nails cars ships bldg
• 12824 Kg NaCl deicing, detergent, food
• 562773 Kg Stone, gravel, sand

23
Example Mineral Name Origins

• Bytownite (Ab30-10An70-90) Bytown Ottawa
• Calcite (CaCO3) calx, L. Lime
• Carletonite (KNa4Ca4Si8O18(CO3)4(OH,F) H2O)
  Carleton U., Mont St. Hilaire
• Cassiterite (SnO2) kassiteros, Gr. Tin
• Labradorite (Ab50-30An50-70) Labrador
• Monteregianite KCa2AlSi7O17(OH)26(H2O)
  Monteregian Hills PQ, (Hydrodelhayelite)
• Sperrylite (PtAs2) F. Sperry (discoverer), ON