First Human Body Test Review

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First Human Body Test Review
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Human Body Systems Reasons for 11 body systems
in humans 1. Allows for more complexity 2.
More efficient 3. No overlap of functions 4. Less
waste and energy use 5. Easy to maintain
Homeostasis the condition of a stable internal
environment in an organism How the 11 systems
depend on each other? Each systems provides a
different, essential need for all the cells of
the organism.
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5 levels of organization in most living things 1-
cell 2- tissue 3- organ 4- organ system 5- living
organism
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Intro to Human Body Tissues
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List the four basic types of tissues and state
their distinct features and functions

• Epithelial sheets of tightly packed cells,
  always has a surface facing space, either outside
  or around internal space. Forms many linings
  giving protection and containment on inside and
  outside of structures. (Skin, organs, body
  cavity)
• Connective functions to bind and support other
  tissues.Cells in connective tissue are always
  surrounded by noncellular matrix, usually
  produced by those cells. Provides body structure
  as well as connects parts together allows people
  to move.(found in skin, wraps fat cells, tendons,
  ligaments, cartilage bones)
• Muscle Allow body, food, blood movement. Ex-
  Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and smooth
  muscle.
• Nervous Carry electrochemical messages called
  impulses to/from the brain which allow us to
  process, reflect, remember and understanding our
  environment. Ex. Neurons, rods, cones

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Integumentary System
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List of the functions of the integumentary system

• Protection of interior parts from bacteria,
  chemicals, UV rays, and injuries.
• Temperature regulation
• Sensory Reception (heat, pressure, pain, hot,
  cold)
• Biochemical Synthesis, making vitamin D

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Describe the epidermis layer. Include the
different types of cells and what they produce.

• Your skin is made up of mostly dead epithelial
  cells.
• Keratincytes produce keratin, which is the tough
  material in dead skin and also found in the basic
  structure of hair and nails. Melanocytes produce
  melanin, which determines the color of skin and
  provides protection from UV rays.

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Describe the Dermis Layer, including its function

• Made up of living cells it also consists of
• Blood vessels
• Nerve endings
• Glands
• Sense Organs
• Smooth Muscle
• Hair cells
• The function of the dermis layer is
• control body temperature and sensory reception

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Name and describe the two glands found in the
dermis

• Sweat glands produces sweat when the body
  temperature rises. As water evaporates, it cools
  the air surrounding skin which makes it feel
  cooler.
• Sebaceous glands produces an oil that keep the
  keratin-rich epidermis flexible and waterproof.
  The oil coats the shafts of hairs and surface of
  the skin to prevent water loss and also
  lubricates and soften the skin and hair.

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SKIN PROBLEMS Blisters rubbing causes the layers
of epidermis or epid/dermis to separate and water
fills in Burns 1st-degree - only epidermis, no
blistering 2nd degree blistering, deep layer
epidermis damage 3rd degree entire epidermis
burned away Psoriasis chronic, scaling of skin
and inflammation of joints.
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Muscular/Skeletal Systems
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How many bones are in the human body?

• There are 206 bones in the human body.

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Name and describe the four functions of bones

• SSMB
• Support holds you up protects heart, lungs,
  vertebrae, spinal cord
• Storage help nerves and muscles function
  properly by storing minerals and stores fats.
• Movement allows human movement
• Blood cell formation makes red and white blood
  cells

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What is the role of the osteoblast?

• Osteoblasts are living cells that deposit the
  minerals that make up the bones and the
  connective tissue holding the bones together.

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Name and describe the four components of bones

• Marrow red marrow makes red and white blood
  cells and is found in the spongy bone of legs,
  arms, ribs, sternum and vertebrae. Yellow marrow
  stores fats.
• Compact bone located toward the ends of the
  long bones and provides most of the strength and
  support for bones such as the femur
• Spongy bone bone tissue with many open spaces,
  has stores minerals in it
• Periosteum tough living membrane covering a
  bones surface

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What is the function of cartilage and ligaments

• Cartilage provides a place for bones to
  continue growing, protects bone where two bones
  contact one another.
• Ligaments bands of tough tissue (connective
  tissue) that holds bones in place at and around
  joints.

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Name, describe and give an example of the five
different types of joints

• Ball and socket shoulder and hip. Ball-shaped
  end of bone fits into a cup-shaped socket on the
  other bone allowing for widest range of motion
  including rotation
• Hinge joint , elbows and knees. Allows
  movements in a single place
• Pivot joint wrist, ankle, neck. Allows freedom
  of movement somewhat between ball and socket and
  hinge
• Sliding joint carpals in the wrist, tarcels in
  the ankle and vertebrae in the back. Bones
  moving into each other allowing sliding or
  twisting without any circular movement
• Fixed joints Joints of the skull. Do not allow
  any movement and are extremely strong

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BONE DISORDERS Osteoporosis porous or weak
bones that break easily Osteomyelitis
bacterial infection that can cause destruction of
bones Arthritis common joint problems cause by
over 100 diseases
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How many muscles are in the human body?

• There are over 600 muscles in the human body

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Define the two groups of muscles. Give examples
of each.

• Voluntary muscles conscious movement, facial
  expressions
• Involuntary blinking, moving food through
  digestive system, heart beating

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Name, describe and give an example of the three
types of muscles

• Cardiac heart muscle
• Smooth in the digestive track wall, maintains
  movement of food
• Skeletal allow your bones/body to move

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What is the function of tendons?

• Attach muscles to bones by thick bands of
  connective tissue

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Describe how muscles move joints, which in turn,
moves the human.

• Muscle work in pairs. Tendons connect muscles to
  bones. One end of the muscle is attached to an
  origin bone, then the other end is attached to
  the moving bone at the insertion point. When one
  muscle contracts, the other relaxes or returns to
  normal length. Muscles work around a joints,
  which are held together by ligaments. Cartilage
  cushions bones in joints.

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MUSCLE DISORDERS MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
progressive weakness and degeneration of muscles
controlling movement SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHY
genetic disease the affects voluntary muscles
needed for crawling, walking, head and neck
control, and swallowing
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Human Brain and Nervous System
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List the seven parts of the brain and briefly
state their main function

• Cerebrum thinking part
• Motor Area- part of the cerebrum that control
  vol. muscles
• Cerebellum controls balance, movement and
  coordination
• Brain stem controls all functions for body to
  stay alive (breathing, circulations, digestion)
• Hippocampus deals with memory
• Pituitary gland releases hormones in your body
• Hypothalamus brains inner thermometer

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List the different sensory organs and nerves in
the human body (from labs)

• Eyes
• Ears
• Smell
• Taste
• Touch
• Heat

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Human Nervous System is divided into two
regions Central N.S. the brain and spinal
column Peripheral N.S. made up of the neurons
outside of the Central N.S Human have more that
1000 kinds of neurons, that fall into 3 general
categories Sensory neurons recieve messages
Interneurons coordinate incoming and out going
messages. Motor neurons send messages to muscles
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Describe how the parts of the nervous system work
together when you touch something hot.

• Touch receptors in your finger send a strong
  message up sensory neurons to the central
  nervous system. Interneurons pick up this
  message, and relay it to motor neurons, causing
  the reflex action to move the body.

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Explain why tasks are easier to do if you
practice them

• When you learn things, the message travels from
  one neuron to another. The brain eventually
  starts to create connections/pathways between the
  neurons so things become easier and you can do
  them better and faster.

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Define and state the function of the parts of the
eye

• Cornea light rays are bent, reflected and
  focused, protects
• Pupil opening created by the iris
• Iris controls amount of light entering eye by
  regulating the size of the pupil
• Lens sharply focuses lights on to the retina
• Vitreous fluid- focuses the image
• Retina captures light to pick up the image, has
  cone (color) and rods receptors
• Choroid- shiny reflective back of eye
• Optic Nerve- sends image to the brain
• Sclera- outside membrane of eye
• Blind Spot- point at which the optic nerve passes
  out of the retina since photo receptor cells are
  absent there

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Human Eye
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Describe why organisms have 2 eyes.

• Three dimensional vision depend on viewing the
  same visual field with both eyes simultaneously.
• Depth perception

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Define and give the function of rods and cones

• Rods more light sensitive . Dim light vision
  depends entirely on rods
• Cones responsible for color vision

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Describe how an eye functions when it sees an
image

• Light rays are reflected from object to cornea.
  Iris controls the size of the pupil, which
  determines the amount of light entering the eye.
  Here the light rays are bent, refracted and
  focused by the cornea, lens and vitreous fluid.
  The lens function is to sharply focus the light
  rays on the light-sensitive retina on the back of
  the eyeball. Because the image is received
  upside down at the retina, the light rays are
  converted to electrical impulses which are then
  transmitted through the optic nerve to the brain,
  which flips it over.

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Human Ear
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Explain how the ear plays a major role in
maintaining ones balance.

• The inner ear contain special hairs that act as
  gravity receptors. These hairs are found in the
  semi-circular canals of the inner ear. In
  humans, the inner ear is filled with fluid. As
  the head is rotated or the angle of the body
  changed, the fluid of the inner ear sloshes
  around, stimulating the gravity receptor hairs in
  the ear. When the hairs are stimulated, they
  send a message to the brain that relays
  information about balance.

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Explain how the ear hears

• Sound passes through the external auditory canal
  in the form of sound waves.
• Sound vibrates the tympanic membrane (eardrum).
  
• The vibrations are transmitted across the middle
  ear by three tiny bones, called hammer, anvil and
  stirrup.
• Vibrations are passed from the stirrup to the
  inner ear through the oval window and then to the
  fluid in the cochlea.
• Vibrations travel through the fluid, creating
  pressure which stimulates the mechanoreceptors
  located on the Corti.
• Message is sent in the form of a nerve impulse
  through the cochlear nerve to the brain.

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Describe what causes hearing loss

• Injury or irregularity in the structure of the
  ear
• Ear wax build up
• Bones in the middle ear may become fused after an
  infection
• Prolonged high fever can lead to injury of the
  auditory nerves
• Prolonged exposure to loud noise can cause the
  hairs in the cochlea to break