Mental Health

1
Mental Health

• Behavioral and Emotional Disorders

2

• A mental disorder or mental illness is a
  psychological or behavioral pattern that occurs
  in an individual and is thought to cause distress
  or disability that is not expected as part of
  normal development or culture.

3
Mental Health

• Behavioral and Emotional Disorders
• Your health care provider can refer you to one of
  the following people
• Psychiatrist- diagnose and treat mental
  disorders. Can prescribe and admit
• Psychologist- Diagnoses and treats emotional and
  behavioral disorders by means of counseling. Not
  an MD, may not prescribe
• Psychiatric Social Worker- Provides guidance and
  treatment for clients with emotional problems,
  usually in the setting of a hospital, mental
  health clinic, or family service agency. No MD,
  no prescribe or perform physical exams

4
Mood and Anxiety Disorders

• Depression
• Bipolar Disorder
• Generalized Anxiety Disorder
• Performance Disorder
• Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
• Panic Disorder
• Phobias
• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
• Seasonal Affective Disorder
• Self Injury - cutters

5
Causes of Mental Health Issues

• Heredity
• Childhood/Recent Events
• Physical Health Problems- infection/disease
• Injury
• Environmental Conditions
• Stress
• Drugs
• Finances and employment

6
Behavioral and Emotional Disorders

• Types of Treatment Available
• Psychotherapy
• Designed to find the root cause of a problem and
  devise a solution.
• Cognitive Therapy
• Identify and correct distorted thinking patterns
  that may lead to feelings and behavior of
  troublesome.
• Behavioral Therapy
• Changing unwanted behaviors through rewards and
  reinforcement.
• Group/Family Therapy
• Provides a supportive environment during the
  therapeutic process.

7
Behavioral and Emotional Disorders

• Types of Treatment Available (continued)
• Drug Therapy
• Mood regulating drugs
• Relaxation Treatment
• A form of stress management.
• Talk Therapy
• Individual, Group, Family
• Electroconvulsive Therapy
• Used to treat severe depression.
• The individual is anesthetized and receives and
  electrical shock in specific parts of the brain.
• Does not consciously experience the shock

8
Mood and Anxiety Disorders

• Depression
• Many people experience depressed moods or a
  period of normal sadness.
• Affects 14.8 million (6.7) 18 Americans
• Depression is caused by
• After a death of a loved one.
• For no apparent reason.
• Major transitions in life (divorce, advancing
  from adolescence to adulthood).

9
Types of Depression

• Situational Depression
• short-term condition that occurs when a person is
  unable to cope with, or adjust to, a particular
  source of stress, such as a major life change,
  loss or event.
• Clinical Depression
• Overwhelms and engulfs your day to day life
• Interferes with ability to work, study, sleep,
  have fun, etc.

10
Depression

• People who suffer from depression include
• under severe stress.
• depressed family members (genetic link).
• psychological disorders.
• severe physical disorders.
• People taking medicines.
• Gender gap
• women are twice as likely as men to suffer from
  both mild and major depression.
• Postpartum Depression
• Menstrual period sometimes causes depression.
• Men are less likely to seek treatment.

11
Depression (continued)

• Symptoms
• Feelings of despair, guilt, self worthlessness,
  no hope for the future, contemplate suicide
• Withdraw from people and society
• Unable to concentrate
• Cant sleep
• Loss of appetite or cant stop eating
• Physical symptoms include
• loss of appetite
• insomnia/fatigue
• backache/headache/upset stomach/constipation
• Treatments
• Psychotherapy
• Drugs - Antidepressants
• SSRI Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor
  Prozac, Paxil, Luvox, Zoloft, Celexa
• MAOI -Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors Phenelzine,
  which is helpful for people with panic disorder
  and social phobia. Tranylcypromine and
  isoprocarboxazid are also used to treat anxiety
  disorders.

12
Bipolar Disorder (Manic Depression)

• Periods of depression alternate w/ periods of
  hyperactivity and uncontrolled elation (mania).
• Affects 5.7 million (2.6) 18 Americans
• One in four people attempt suicide one in ten
  are successful w/ their attempt.
• Heredity/environment play a role in bipolar
  disorder.
• Symptoms
• Manic phase includes
• cheerful, full of energy.
• person gets out of control--spending money
  wildly takes on huge projects that are never
  completed believes theyre powerful people.

13
Bipolar Disorder

• Symptoms
• Mania turns to irritability, rage, and paranoia.
• Alcohol/drug abuse, loss of job, possible divorce
  may result.
• About 10-20 of sufferers develop rapid cycling
  (four or more episodes per year).
• Treatment Options
• Seek treatment immediately.
• Psychotherapy
• An array of medications are used. It is not
  uncommon for an individual to take several
  different types of drugs and to make frequent
  changes to achieve an acceptable balance between
  stability and side effects
• prevents the mania and lessens the depression.
• Seroquel, Abilify, Depakote, Lithium

14
Bipolar Disorder

• Treatment (continued)
• Lithium has side effects.
• weight gain, drowsiness, frequent urination,
  thirsty.
• can injure the kidneys, thyroid gland
• None of the drugs are a cure.
• In the early stages of mania the victim may be
  prescribed antipsychotic drugs.
• Clozopine for antipsychotic
• Anticonvulsant (divalproex) may be prescribed if
  the mood cycle is very rapid.
• In rare cases, electroconvulsive therapy may be
  used

15
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

• Feelings of apprehension that occur for no
  specific reason (last at least one month).
• Affects 40 million (18.1) 18 Americans
• Symptoms
• heart beats faster, breathing becomes faster
  (hyperventilation), hands tremble, perspire more.
• Physical symptoms include
• upset stomach, headache, and general aches and
  pain.
• Treatments
• Benzodiazepine drugs (short term).
• Antidepressants/Antianxiety drugs (buspirone).
• Psychotherapy.

16
Performance Anxiety

• Occurs when a person has to make speech, take an
  examination, or make a public appearance.
• Symptoms
• rapid heartbeat, excessive perspiration,
  trembling (hands or voice), difficulty in
  concentrating.
• Treatment
• Cognitive/Behavioral therapy (learn to relax and
  to cope w/ the situation.
• Beta-blocking medicines are used to control the
  physical symptoms.

17
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

• Compulsive rituals or actions that are repeated
  over and over (take over a persons life).
• Affects 2.2 million (1.0) 18 Americans
• Obsessions
• -persistent ideas, thoughts, impulses, or images
  that are experienced as intrusive and
  inappropriate and that cause marked anxiety or
  distress
• (EX.- thoughts about contamination, repeated
  doubts, need to have things in a particular
  order, aggressive or horrific impulses, and
  sexual imagery)
• Compulsions
• -repeated behaviors or mental acts, the goal of
  which is to prevent or reduce anxiety or
  distress, not to provide pleasure or
  gratification

18

• Symptoms
• Counting every step while walking.
• Constantly cleaning ones hands or ones living
  space.
• Treatment
• Psychotherapy.
• Heterocyclic Antidepressants.
• SSRIs.

19
Panic Disorder

• Sudden attacks of intense fear or anxiety for no
  apparent reason.
• Affects 6 million (2.7) 18 Americans
• Attacks can occur several times a day.
• Runs in the family.
• Usually involves personal loss, major change, or
  illness.
• 1 in 3 develop agoraphobia, fear of being in a
  place where escape might be difficult
• Symptoms
• At least four of the following symptoms occur in
  a person
• Pounding heartbeat, sweating, trembling,
  difficulty breathing, choking sensations, chest
  pain, nausea, dizziness, fear of dying or going
  crazy, chills, hot flashes, feelings of
  unreality, numbness or tingling in the
  extremities.

20
Panic Disorder (continued)

• Symptoms (continued)
• Constant anxiety about having another panic
  attack.
• Significant behavior change (avoiding certain
  situations or relying on alcohol or other drugs).
• Treatments
• Psychotherapy/Medications
• Antianxiety Drugs.
• Antidepressant Drugs.

21
Specific Phobias

• Irrational sense of fear when a person is
  confronted by a common object, activity, or
  situation, leading the person to avoid the thing
  that is feared.
• Affects 19.2 million (8.7) 18 Americans
• Most common form of anxiety
• Symptoms
• sudden, persistent, and irrational panic dread,
  horror, or terror when confronted w/ the object
  or situation.
• Agoraphobia, Acrophobia, Claustrophobia.
• Treatment Desensitization/Exposure Therapy

22
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

• Involves people who have survived traumatic
  events such as natural disaster, war, physical or
  sexual assault, and severe illness.
• Affects 7.7 million (3.5) 18 Americans
• Prisoners of War and concentration camp survivors
  are most affected (47-50).
• Symptoms
• People may relive the distressing event
  repeatedly in thoughts, dreams, or flashbacks.
• Treatment
• Psychotherapy
• Antidepressants

23
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

• People experience sadness, depression, and
  fatigue that comes on in late fall and subsides
  in the spring.
• Caused by lack of sunlight.
• Over 10 million Americans are affected (women
  outnumber men by a 4 to 1 ratio.
• Symptoms include
• headaches, increased appetite, loss of interest
  in activities, excessive sleep, irritability,
  unable to concentrate.
• Treatment Antidepressant Drugs (SSRI)

24
Psychosis Diseases

• Known as thought disorders characterized by
  gross distortions of reality.
• A psychotic person will often have
• Delusions
• Fixed beliefs that are false he or she believes
  theyre the President or some important figure.
• Hallucinations
• Hearing or seeing things that are not real.
• Schizophrenia is a psychosis disease.

25
Schizophrenia--Psychosis Disease

• Severe mental illness characterized by delusions
  and hallucinations.
• Affects 2.4 million (1.1) 18 Americans
• Men- late teens, early twenties
• Women- late twenties, early thirties
• Three Classifications of Schizophrenia
• 1. Paranoid Schizophrenia
• person is being persecuted delusions of
  grandiose.
• 2. Catatonic Schizophrenia
• stops moving and talking and then becomes
  excitable.

26
Schizophrenia (continued)

• 3. Disorganized Schizophrenia
• Person is incoherent person shows inappropriate
  emotions or expressionless.
• Cause of schizophrenia is not known.
• A child born of two schizophrenia parents has a
  40 chance of becoming schizophrenic (avg... risk
  is 1).
• Brain produces too much of the neurotransmitter
  dopamine.
• Symptoms
• Social w/drawal deterioration of performance at
  work or school delusions of grandeur hear
  voices commanding them to do something.

27
Schizophrenia (continued)

• Treatment Options
• Antipsychotic Drugs
• Haloperidol
• Chlorpromazine
• Remains an illness that cannot always be treated
  successfully.
• Sometimes a person w/ schizophrenia has to be
  stabilized in a hospital against his or her own
  will.
• Side Effects of the Antipsychotic Drugs
• Short Term Dry mouth, blurred vision,
  difficulty in urinating.
• Long Term Tardive Dyskinesia (movement
  disorder).

28
Addictions

• Addiction
• A compelling desire to use a drug or engage in a
  specific behavior, continued use despite negative
  consequences
• How Addictions Affect Health Status
• Physical health
• Safety
• Relationships
• Problems with the law
• Jeopardize financial health

29
Types of Addiction

• Drug
• Exercise
• Gambling
• Nicotine
• Perfectionism

• Relationship
• Shopping
• Television/computer
• Thrill-Seeking
• Workaholism

30

• Substance Addiction and Abuse
• People who engage in substance abuse initially
  have control of their lifestyle.
• Once they have become addicted, they are unable
  to control their use of addicting substances
  (nicotine, alcohol, heroin, etc,).
• Addiction is a physical dependence on a chemical
  substance.
• This dependence leads to unpleasant symptoms,
  called withdrawal (when a person stops using the
  substance).
• Alcohol/Tobacco are the most abused drugs.

31
Behavioral and Emotional Disorders (continued)

• Compulsive Gambling
• Brain releases a neurotransmitter (much like
  working out) when gambling on a person or event.
• The number of compulsive gamblers has risen
  dramatically in the United States in the past 20
  years.
• Compulsive gambler shirks daily responsibilities
  and loved ones sells personal property to
  finance their bets lie to hide their losses and
  engage in illegal activity to support their
  habit.
• Compulsive gamblers often have other psychiatric
  problems (must convince person to seek
  treatment).
• Treatment Psychotherapy/Gamblers Anonymous

32
Self-Injury

• An unhealthy way to cope with emotions, stress,
  or traumatic events
• Self-injury can be a symptom of a mood disorder,
  anxiety disorder, or eating disorder
• Most people arent attempting suicide, but it is
  done to feel better in a situation
• Some people may attempt suicide, but this is due
  to emotional problems and not the cutting itself
• Occurs most often in young women, but can occur
  in young men
• Methods
• Cutting or making scratches on the body using
  sharp objects to bleed (razor, scissor, pin,
  glass)
• Burning body with a lighter, matches, or
  cigarettes

33
ADD/ADHD

• Attention-Deficit Disorder
• Doesnt pay attention to detail
• Careless mistakes
• Disorganized
• Doesnt seem to listen
• Forgets to do daily activities
• Easily distracted
• Difficulty following directions

• Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
• Fidgets or squirms while seated
• Trouble staying seated
• Frequently runs or climbs
• Trouble working quietly
• Talks excessively
• Trouble waiting or taking turns
• Interrupts others

34
Personality Disorder

• Group A- Odd or Eccentric Behaviors
• Paranoid Personality Disorder- overly
  distrustful and suspicious of others
• come across as cold
• Schizoid Personality Disorder-
• detached from personal relationships
• may be perceived by others as loners
• Schizotypal Personality Disorder-
• characterized both by a need for isolation and
  paranoid beliefs
• may show inappropriate reaction, none at all, or
  talk to themselves

35

• Group B- Dramatic, Emotional, Erratic
• Overly emotional or unstable
• Selfish and demanding
• High value on self and not on others
• Anti-social Personality Disorder- (psychopathy or
  sociopathy)
• may commit violent acts without any sense of
  guilt
• lack of empathy or conscience
• difficulty controlling impulses and manipulative
  behaviors
• Borderline Personality Disorder-
• dramatic and abrupt mood shifts
• impulsivity, poor self-image
• highly sensitive to rejection and fear
  abandonment
• Narcissistic Personality Disorder-
• need for admiration and lack of empathy
• tend to be extremely self-absorbed, intolerant
  of others perspectives
• insensitive to others needs

36

• Group C- Anxious, Fearful Behavior
• Cant make decisions
• Strong need for approval
• Avoid people for fear of rejection
• Avoidant Personality Disorder
• often hypersensitive to rejection and unwilling
  to take social risks
• display high level of social discomfort,
  timidity, fear of criticism,
• avoidance of activities that involve
  interpersonal communication
• Dependent Personality Disorder
• exhibit a pattern of needy and submissive
  behavior
• rely on others to make decisions for them
• require excessive reassurance and advice
• Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
• focused on order and perfection that lack of
  flexibility interferes with productivity and
  efficiency
• workaholics and prefer to work alone for fear
  that work completed by others will not be done
  correctly

37
Eating Disorders

• Anorexia
• Constant dieting to little eating to no eating
• Affects CNS-Depression-Death
• Bulimia
• Binges on food, then purging
• Teeth, Heart Muscle, Glands

38

• Somatoform Disorder
• A person has symptoms of disease but no physical
  cause can be found
• Hypochondria
• A person is constantly worried about illness
• Psychosomatic Disease
• A physical illness or disorder that is caused or
  aggravated by emotional responses