The Protestant Reformation

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The Protestant Reformation

• Mr. Snell
• Part 1

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Breakdown of Denominations
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Early Reformers

• John Wycliffe (1324-1384)
• Interested in authority of clergy.
• People should be able to interpret and read the
  Bible on their own.
• Lived during Western Schism (more than one pope).
• This caused questioning about Papal Authority.

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Early Reformers Cont

• Jan Hus (1369-1415)
• He wanted Bishops elected and not appointed by
  Pope.
• At the Council of Constance, he made his case but
  he was burned at the stake for his beliefs.
• Spiritual leader of the Moravian Church.

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Early Reformers Cont

• Ideas of the Renaissance spread to Northern
  Europe and combine with the religious teachings
  of the North (more rural than Italy, far from
  Rome and speak a non-Latin-based language) to
  create Christian humanism aka Northern
  Renaissance Humanism.

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Even though the Renaissance in Italy was
definitely secular,, in Northern Europe, the idea
of the well educated individual who could improve
himself also meant that man could improve himself
spiritually (by being able to read the Bible for
himself) but first this meant improving/
changing/reforming the Catholic Church. Thus
even though the Renaissance itself was a secular
movement, ironically it changed the religion
especially Christianity forever.
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Early Reformers

• Erasmus (1466-1536)
• Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched.
• Erasmus is committed to reforming the Church from
  within.

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He also believed in Catholic doctrines such as
that of free will (man makes choices which will
impact his salvation)
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This meant that humans made their own choices
about right and wrong and that their actions in
this life (living a moral life) would impact
their lives AND their salvation more than
following the traditions of the Church.
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This brings Erasmus into conflict with the Church
because in order to achieve this there would have
to be a shift in the Churchs thinking because at
this time the Church is concerned more with
traditions (shrines, pilgrimages, rituals,
venerating relics, etc..) than with showing
people how to lead good lives.
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Some Protestant Reformers rejected free will in
favor of the doctrine of predestination- that God
has already decided who will be saved and who
will not be saved
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Important Developments that aid the process to
Reformation!

• The Printing Press!!!!
• Books are now available to the masses not just
  the rich! (Faster productioncheaper books)
• People have access to books whenever they want
  them. First book published by Gutenberg?
• How does this relate to the Reformation?

Printing Press 3,600 pages per workday Hand
Printing 40 pages per workday
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Language Barriers

• Most uneducated people didnt understand Latin,
  but knew the local common language or
  vernacular.
• Almost all Bibles were written in LATIN before
  the Reformation.
• It was the job of the church clergy to translate
  the Bible to lay people BUT the ideas of the
  Renaissance (vernacular, spreading of ideas, more
  educated people, the idea that MAN matters, a
  desire for learning) lead people to want to read
  the Bible for themselves

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What happens to spark the Reformation?

• Pope Leo X needs money to build St. Peters
  Basilicaso he sells indulgences!
• Indulgences- were pardons issued by the pope that
  people could buy to reduce a souls time in
  purgatory (People could buy forgiveness)
  Meaning the wealthy would have an advantage
  getting into heaven

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Modern Devotion

• This leads to a movement within the Church called
  Modern Devotion which seeks to focus on the
  teachings of Jesus rather than the rituals of the
  Church as a way to be a good Christian.
• But as we will see this movement from within the
  Church is not enough and the protests grow as the
  Church hierarchy fails to listen to reformers

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What is the Protestant Reformation?

• Protestant Reformation- a religious movement in
  the 1500s that split the Christian church in
  western Europe and led to the establishment of a
  number of new churches.
• People grew displeased with the Catholic
  Churchs
• Financial Corruption
• Abuse of Power
• Immorality

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Pt 2. Martin Luther

• Luther was a German monk and professor of
  theology (religion) at the University of
  Wittenberg.
• One of the many leaders of the Protestant
  Reformation.
• Luther objected to a saying attributed to Johann
  Tetzel that "As soon as the coin in the coffer
  rings, the soul from purgatory springs."

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Luthers 95 Theses

• In 1517, the 95 Theses were nailed to a church
  door. They were written in Latin.
• Luthers intention NOT TO BREAK WITH CHURCH,
  BUT REFORM IT!
• Criticized
• Indulgences
• Power of Pope
• Wealth of Church
• Gods Grace won by FAITH ALONE!
• Catholic View Good Works

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The Bible is the ONLY valid source of religious
Truth (not the rituals of the Church)
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Luther kept only 2 sacraments (because they were
found in the Bible- baptism and communion.
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Excommunication

• In 1520 Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther.
• Excommunication- expelled him from the church.
• Holy Roman Emperor Charles V by the Edict of
  Worms passed measures to suppress Luthers
  writings.
• Lutheran princes in Germany issued a protestatio
  or protest.
• Hence the term Protestant!

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Luther begins his own religious teachings and
church known as Lutheranism, - the first
Protestant church- which stresses that salvation
is only achieved through faith (not good works).
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Germany is in chaos and civil wars rage- first
between the peasants and nobility and eventually
the nobles amongst themselves over the religion
issue. In 1555 the Peace of Augsburg ends the
conflict between the Catholics and Protestants in
Germany giving equal rights to both parties and
allowing the nobility of individual states to
decide the religion of their subjects.
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Other Reformations Pt 3

• Ulrich Zwingli in Switzerland
• Believed in a Theocracy
• A government in which church and state are joined
  and in which officials are considered to be
  divinely inspired.
• Zwingli also believes in removing all art/
  decorations etc in the churches
• Aligns himself with Luther. In the Swiss
  religious civil war Zwingli is wounded in battle,
  captured, killed and his body is cut into pieces
  and he is creamated.

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John Calvin in Switzerland replaces Zwingli
believing in Predestination God knows who will
be saved, even before people are born, and
therefore guides the lives of those destined fore
salvation.
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Like Luther, Calvin believes that FAITH alone is
sufficient for justification, i.e. the idea of
being worthy of salvation by God Their strong
faith and their belief in predestination led many
Calvinists to believe they were doing Gods work
on earth (even though Calvin stressed to them
that NO ONE could be absolutely certain of their
salvation.
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• John Knox in Scotland is a follower of Calvin
• Laid grounds for Presbyterian Church

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In England, the Reformation began with the King!

• King Henry VIII
• The king who had six wives
• He wants a SON!
• He asks the Pope to anul (declare void) his
  marriage and the Pope refuses so Henry turns to
  the church authorities in England and they rule
  in his favor. Henrys split with the Church has
  begun.

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• King Henrys older brother Arthur (named after
  the famous tale King Author and the Knights of
  the Round Table) dies Author was married to
  Catherine of Argon (from Spain) before she
  married Henry.
• This becomes the grounds for his annulment
  (because Catherine cant produce a son). She
  does however give birth to a daughter named Mary.
  She later becomes a queen of England and
  restores the Catholic Church! History knows her
  as Bloody Mary.
• Catherine of Aragon, Henry's first wife. 
  Catherine, a Princess of Spain, was married to
  Henry for many years.  Her determination to stay
  married to Henry, in the face of his desire for
  Anne Boleyn, would change the course of history
  forever.

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Anne Boleyn, Henry's second wife, and the mother
of Queen Elizabeth I.  Henry fell passionately in
love with Anne while married to Catherine of
Aragon.  He waited several years to marry Anne,
but, ironically, lost his desire for her once she
became his Queen. Jane Seymour, Henry's beloved
third Queen.  Gentle, capable Jane gave Henry his
long-awaited male heir after one year of
marriage.  Sadly, she gave her life to do so.
Anne of Cleves, Henry's fourth wife.  This
German princess served as Queen for only a few
months before she and Henry agreed to divorce by
mutual consent.
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Katherine Howard, Henry's fifth wife.  Henry's
marriage to this sensuous teenager brought him
brief happiness, but ended in tragedy. 
Katherine Parr, Henry's sixth Queen.  This
intelligent, loyal, forward-thinking Renaissance
woman outlived three husbands, including Henry,
and went on to finally marry the man of her
choice.
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The Reformation Parliament

• a gathering in England in 1534 that led to the
  decision that England was no longer under the
  authority of the Pope.
• Act of Supremacy
• Subjects were required to take an oath declaring
  Henry VIII to be Supreme Head of the Church of
  England a new Church is formed with Henry as its
  leader.

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Henry closes monasteries, sells Church lands
increasing his treasury rewarding the loyalty of
the nobility who join his new religion and passes
laws denying Catholics the same rights as
Anglicans.
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Henry VIII dies in 1547 and leaves a mess- 3
claims to the throne.

• His legitimate children Mary, Elizabeth, and
  Edward
• Edward becomes King at 9 and only lives to be 16.
  Passes numerous pro-Protestant laws/rules.
• Queen Mary I or Bloody Mary
• Raised Catholic like her mother Catherine of
  Aragon she reestablished the Catholic Church in
  England. She killed many protestants and had
  approximately 300 heretics burned at the stake.
• Queen Elizabeth I (Ends the House of Tudor)
• Raised Protestant and ruled England for 44 years.
  Ruled during the Spanish Armada, and never
  marriedknown as the Virgin Queen.

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Anabaptists are separated from other Christian
groups on many issues 1. They believe in complete
separation of church and State (no pledges,
participation in wars, no political offices
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2. They believed in ADULT Baptism because being a
Christian is a voluntary CHOICE that only adults
are capable of making
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3. Christians are a community of believers who
are EQUAL- this meant anyone could become a
minister and ministers were chosen by the church
community
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The Reformation also had a huge impact on society
in Europe.
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1. Impacted education- since the Reformation came
out of the renaissance ideas of a well rounded
person, Martin Luther supported public education
so that more than the elites could get an
education (think about the need to read for
reading the Bible)
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2. Impacted marriage- which increases because it
is promoted among the clergy and lay people in a
very traditional manner- wives subservient to
husbands
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One area in which Protestantism did NOT impact
society was in the area of tolerance for other
religious groups (i.e. non-believers). Jewish
people were particularly impacted by prejudice
and discrimination.
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In response to the Reformation the Catholic
Church had its own Catholic reformation (or
Counter-Reformation) which occurred due to 3
factors
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1. Establishment of the Society of Jesus or
Jesuits who were very progressive but absolutely
loyal to the Pope. They spread their progressive
(but very pro-Catholic message to the masses
through education). Their ideas were spread
because they offered education to those who
otherwise could not afford it like free Catholic
Schools.
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2. Reform of the papacy (the Popes role and
power). The Church spread the authority and power
out a bit- taking some from the Pope and giving
some more to other Church officials and lay
people.
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3. The Council of Trent- an 18 year long meeting
to discuss reforms in the Church and clarified
Church doctrines
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• Among the decrees of Trent were the following
• Upholding the 7 sacraments of the Church
• Faith AND good works needed for salvation
• Clerical celibacy
• Stronger belief in Purgatory
• Support for the idea of indulgences but NOT
  allowed to sell them