Ancient Greece

1
Ancient Greece
2

• The tall flat hill is called the Acropolis and is
  located in Athens.
• In ancient Greece the Acropolis was used for
  defence and worship.
• The building on top is a temple dedicated to the
  goddess Athena, it is called the Parthenon.
• Over the centuries the structure was used as a
  temple, cathedral, mosque, government
  headquarters and even a munitions warehouse.

3

• The original structure of the Parthenon stayed
  intact for around 2,000 years, until as a
  storehouse for gunpowder, it was blown up by a
  stray cannonball during a war in 1687.
• Most of the damage has been caused by humans
  (e.g. stray cannonballs, pollution from cars).
• Most of the damage was done in 1687.

4

• The Parthenon is undergoing a major restoration.
• The restoration team spends hours repairing
  fractured stones by incorporating new and ancient
  marble pieces.
• Lots of public and academic debates on the extent
  to which the ruins should be restored.

5
The Parthenon Temple to Athena

• The Parthenon was a place where the people of
  Athens would pray to Athena.

http//employees.oneonta.edu/farberas/arth/Images/
109images/greek_archaic_classical/parthenon/parthe
non.jpg
6
Peoples of Ancient Greece

• Minoans
• Created the first settlement in Europe.
• Lived on the island of Crete between 1950-1400
  BCE.
• These people were sea traders (sea merchants).

7

• Mycenaeans
• Appeared in the 14th century BCE (1400 BC) and
  quickly took over the mainland of Greece.
• These people used bronze tools and weapons.
• Their civilization ended around 1100 BCE.

8

• Dorians
• A war-like group which came from Asia Minor
  (modern day Turkey) in 1100 BCE.
• The Dorians used iron tools and weapons.
• They took much of Greece by force and enslaved
  much of the population. Two of their major cities
  were Sparta and Corinth.

9

• Hellenes
• This group eventually replaced the Dorians and
  spread throughout Greece.
• The Hellenes are the ancestors of modern Greeks.
• Very advanced society created and mastered the
  use of tools.

10
The Environment of Greece

• Very mountainous
• Greece is made up of the main land as well as
  almost 2000 islands.
• Hot, dry summers mild wet winters
• The soil is dry and rocky (difficult to farm).
• Athens had to import wheat.

11
Agriculture and food sources

• Ate fish, seafood (access to sea)
• 2 staple crops Olives and Grapes (grow well in
  rocky, dry soil)
• Ate goats and Sheep (milk, cheese)
• Athens exported wine, oil, and pottery (To sell
  goods to foreign countries).

12

• Many Greeks had small farms.
• They also grew fruits, vegetables and grains
  (i.e. figs, pomegranates, onions, cabbage, sesame
  seeds etc.).
• Most farms produced enough food for one family.
• Some farmers sold traded their surplus for
  money or for other products.
• Wealthy farmers shipped their products to other
  parts of Greece or Persia and Asia Minor
  (Turkey).

13
The ancient Greeks and the Sea

• What did the ancient Greeks use the seas for?
• Transportation
• Trade
• Protection and Military
• Food
• Expansion and Spread culture

14

• The Pnyx
• It was located in Athens.
• It is one of the most significant sites in the
  world.
• It is where the Athenians came to voice their
  opinions on political issues.
• It was a popular meeting place.

15

• Many people would come to watch their fellow
  citizens speak.
• It is the meeting place of the world's first ever
  democratic legislature, the Athenian ekklesia
  (assembly), and the flat stone platform is the
  bema, the "stepping stone" or speakers' platform.

16
City States in Ancient Greece

• State usually means country.
• It was made up of small city states or Polis.
• Most city states were separated by mountains or
  by the sea.
• This made communication difficult among cities.
• As a result, the Greek cities developed
  autonomously (independently).

17

• Each Polis governed (managed) itself.
• Every citizen had a say in government.
• This is called democracy.
• There was constant fighting between cities over
  land, wealth, and power.
• Cities had many things in common language,
  religion, military techniques, and the Olympics.
• Some of the most famous city states are Athens,
  Sparta, Troy, and Corinth.

18
Types of Government

• Monarchy
• One person is in charge. This person is usually
  called a Despot (king/queen).
• Power is passed down from parents to children,
  usually father to son.

19

• Oligarchy
• A small group of people called aristocrats are in
  charge.
• Aristocrats usually have a common ancestry and
  are very wealthy.
• In ancient Greece it was very difficult, almost
  impossible to become an aristocrat, if you were
  born into another class.

20

• Dictatorship (tyranny)
• Like the monarchy, one person is in charge.
• This person is called a Dictator or Tyrant.
• The Dictator usually takes power illegally.
• His/her rule is above all laws, people have
  limited rights.

21

• Democracy
• One person in charge, but elected by all
  citizens.
• Elected leader rules in the name of all people.
• Citizens take part in the political process by
  voting, protesting and debating issues.

22
ATHENS

• How did Democracy Arise in Athens?

23
Athens Social Groups

• Around 432 BC, the Athenian city-states had
  approximately 300 000 inhabitants.
• They were split into 4 social groups.
• The four (4) SOCIAL GROUPS
• Citizens (45 000)
• The wives and citizens of citizens (105 000)
• Metics (40 000)
• Slaves (110 000)

24
1. The Citizens

• A) Who they were
• Men
• They were free.
• They were over 20 years of age.
• They were born from a citizen father and mother.
• Most of them were peasants.
• Some were very rich, but others were poor.

25

• B) Their Rights
• To own land
• To rule the city
• C) Their Responsibilities
• To have their sons educated
• To do military service
• To participate in political life

26
3. THE METICS

• A) Who they were
• They were free.
• They were Greeks who came from other cities, or
  non-Greeks.
• They could not own land.
• They had to have Athenian sponsor (A person who
  agrees to take responsibility for another).
• Most metics were merchants or artisans others
  were very rich.

27

• B) Their Rights
• To make profits and accumulate riches
• C) Their Responsibilities
• To pay CITY TAXES
• To serve in the army
• To participate in religious celebrations

28
4. The Slaves

• Who they were
• They were usually foreigners.
• Some slaves were prisoners of war.
• Other slaves were captured and sold by pirates.
• Greeks thought of them as GOODS or OBJECTS.
• Children of slaves automatically became slaves.

29

• B) Their Rights
• None
• C) Their Responsibilities
• To work and obey their master

30
Athenian Families and Education

• The Sons of Citizens
• An educator taught them reading, writing, music
  and arithmetic, wrestling and gymnastics (8 to 14
  yrs old).
• They learned the art of reasoning, of delivering
  speeches, of arguing and of convincing ( 15 to 17
  yrs old).
• They completed military service by 20.
• At 20, they became citizens took part in public
  affairs.

31

• Wives and daughters of citizens
• They were responsible for
• Educating children (citizenship)
• Managing servants
• Running the home (ordered slaves to do household
  chores etc.)
• They rarely left the gynaecium an apartment
  reserved for women in Greek homes.
• Girls learned to weave, to accomplish household
  tasks and to educate younger children.

32
Origins of Democracy in Athens

• By the 6th century BCE, a man assumed power by
  force, with the support of an army (tyranny).
• An Athenian named Solon was asked to reform
  (change) the political system.
• He proposed laws ensured equal justice for all
  and to manage the crisis the city was facing.

33

• In 507 BCE, a politician named Cleisthenes put an
  end to tyranny.
• Using Solons laws, he introduced democracy a
  political system in which the power belonged to
  the people.

34
The Influence of philosophers

• The Ancient Greeks believed the Gods influenced
  everything and controlled the working of the
  universe.
• In the 6th century BCE, the Greeks from Asia
  Minor began to question this belief.
• They based their knowledge on logic and
  reasoning.

35

• These thinkers were called philosophers
  (literally, who loved wisdom).
• Greek philosophers were interested in everything
  Astronomy, geography, natural sciences, and
  mathematics.
• Their influence spread throughout Athens.
• Athenian philosophers had a major influence on
  all Athenians and encouraged them to use their
  intelligence.

36
Direct Democracy in Athens

• The ancient Athenians were the first to establish
  a system of direct democracy in the 6th century
  BCE.
• Direct democracy means that every citizen could
  participate in government.
• To participate in politics one had to be a
  citizen (male, 20, completed military training
  and have two Athenian parents).

37
Who could vote in Ancient Athens?
Athenian Citizens (men)
Could Vote
Athenian women and children
90
Could Not Vote
Foreigners
Slaves
38
Athenian Democratic Institutions

• 1. EKKLESIA (Assembly of 6 000 citizens)
• Its role
• Write constitution
• Raise taxes
• Vote laws
• Vote public expenses
• Vote wars,
• Sign peace treaties etc.

39

• 2. BOULE (Council of 500 citizens, 30)
• They proposed laws to the assembly.
• They managed the citys day-to-day business.
• Term of office 1 year, renewable once
• 3. Heliaia (6 000 citizens, 30)
• They made up the popular court and judged on
  Athens judical affairs.

40

• 4. Strategists (10 citizens)
• Its Role
• They ensured that the laws adopted by the
  Ekklesia (assembly) were applied.
• They commanded the army.
• 5. Archons (10 citizens)
• Its Role
• They oversaw or were in charge of the court.
• They organized religious celebrations.

41

• The Agora in ancient Athens
• The Athenian agora was used as a public meeting
  place for Athenian citizens.
• This is also the place where merchants set up
  their shops.

42

• Ancient Greek houses
• Usually 1 floor
• It had a courtyard.
• It had few windows (hot climate).
• Its walls were painted white, to keep it cool.
• Public spaces
• They were reserved for men.
• The men did most of the shopping.
• Wealthy women could leave the home if accompanied
  by a male servant.

43
Life in Sparta

• Sparta was governed by an oligarchy.
• There was NO voting in Sparta.
• 2 Kings
• They were appointed for life.
• They controlled the army.
• 5 Ephors (overseers)
• They ran everyday operations, made laws, and
  wrote the constitution.
• They were elected annually.

44

• Assembly
• It was comprised of 28 nobles appointed for life.
• They advised the kings.
• Messenians Enslaved by Spartans
• Around 700 BC, Sparta conquered a group of people
  living near them, in Messenia.
• The Spartans enslaved the Messenians, whom they
  called "helots" (HEEL-otts).

45

• The slaves were forced to farm the land.
• Spartans treated the helots badly, often
  beating/whipping/killing them for no reason, and
  not giving them enough food.
• Spartan men spent all their time training for war.

46

• When little Spartan boys turned seven, they left
  home to live in dormitories with all the other
  Spartan boys their age.
• They spent years learning to be good soldiers.
• They exercised/learned to use swords and spears.
• Teachers never gave them enough food, clothing or
  blankets (made them tough).
• Spartan girls lived at home with their parents,
  but they also learned to be tough, with plenty of
  exercise.
• The girls also learned to run houses/spin and
  weave.

47
The Battle at Thermopylae 480 BC
48

• Thermopylae was a pass the Greeks tried to defend
  in battle against Persians led by Xerxes, in 480
  B.C.
• The Persians won the Battle of Thermopylae.
• The Spartans who led the defense were all killed,
  but their courage provided inspiration to the
  Greeks, many of whom otherwise might have
  willingly become Persian sympathizers, or so the
  Spartans feared.
• Although the Spartans lost at Thermopylae, the
  following year the Greeks did win battles they
  fought against the Persians.

49
Persians Attack the Greeks at Thermopylae

• Xerxes' fleet of Persian ships had sailed into
  the Gulf of Malia towards the mountains at
  Thermopylae.
• The Greeks faced the Persian army at a narrow
  pass.
• Spartan King Leonidas was the general in charge
  of the Greek forces.
• He tried to restrain the Persian army, to delay
  them, and keep them from attacking the rear of
  the Greek navy, which was under Athenian control
  (Themistocles).
• Leonidas may have hoped to block them long enough
  that Xerxes would have to sail away for food and
  water.

50
Ephialtes and Anopaia

• After the Carnea festival, more Spartan soldiers
  were to arrive and help defend Thermopylae
  against the Persians.
• Unfortunately for Leonidas, after a couple of
  days, a traitor named Ephialtes led the Persians
  around the pass running behind the Greek army,
  thereby squashing any chance of Greek victory.
• The name of Ephialtes' path is Anopaia.

51
Greeks Fight the Immortals

• On the third day, Leonidas led his 300 Spartan
  troops plus their Boeotian allies against Xerxes
  and his army, including the "10,000 Immortals."
• The Spartan-led forces fought this unstoppable
  Persian force to their deaths, blocking the pass
  long enough to keep Xerxes and his army occupied
  while the rest of the Greek army escaped.

52
Themistocles

• Themistocles was the Athenian in charge of the
  Athenian naval fleet.
• He had persuaded the Greeks to use the bounty
  from a newly discovered vein of silver at its
  mines at Laurium to build a naval fleet of 200
  triremes.
• When some of the Greek leaders wanted to leave
  Artemisium before the battle with the Persians,
  Themistocles bribed and bullied them into
  staying.

53
Athens Sparta
Type of Government Education Did they
have slaves? Train for Olympics. At what
age did military training start? At what
age could men leave the army?
Direct Democracy
Oligarchy
High emphasis
Low emphasis
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
18
7
30
20
54

• The Oracle of Delphi
• It is both a place and a person.
• The ancient Greeks appointed a priestess to
  communicate with the Gods.
• The Greeks believed that Delphi was the center of
  the world.
• They believed the Oracle would make predictions,
  answer questions, and help leaders make
  decisions.

55
Warfare in Ancient Greece

• There were many famous wars in ancient Greece.
• City states and foreign empires would fight over
  land, wealth, and power.
• Wars would usually last for long periods of time.
  Sometimes over ten years!

56
The Legend of Troy

• The Trojan War is the first known account of
  ancient Greek warfare, about 1180 BCE.
• Many experts believe that this war is just a myth
  (did not happen).
• The war was fought between Trojans and the
  Achaeans.
• The cause of the war was Helen, an Achaean
  princess who fled to Troy with one of the Trojan
  princes, Paris.

57

• The siege of Troy lasted 10 years until the
  Achaeans tricked the Trojans into believing they
  surrendered.
• The Achaeans built a large horse and put a large
  number of troops inside and offered it as a gift
  of surrender.
• Achilles was also inside the Horse.
• Achilles was believed to be part god and the
  greatest warrior in ancient history.
• Once the horse was in Troy, the Achaean soldiers
  came out and took over the city.

58
What did Greek soldiers look like?

• All Greek soldiers were free men, there were no
  slaves allowed in the army.
• All soldiers provided their own armour and
  weapons.
• Ancient Greek soldiers were commonly known as
  Hoplites.

59
Hoplite Armour and Weapons

• All hoplites had two weapons a long thrusting
  spear with a butt spike and a short sword.
• Their armour consisted of a large round shield,
  breastplate, helmet, and greaves (shin guards).
• It is important to note that different cities had
  different variations of weapons and armour, but
  all hoplites had what was mentioned above.

60

• Corinthian helmet (standard helmet)
• The feathers on top were used to intimidate and
  deflect arrows and throwing spears.
• A Sarissa spear was used by the Macedonians and
  Alexander the Great.

61
Hoplite Tactics

• Hoplites fought in what is known as the Phalanx.
• This is where hoplite shields interlock forming a
  wall of armour.
• Hoplites would then run in this formation and
  crash into the enemy or the opposing phalanx.
• Hoplites would then fight in formation until one
  side retreated.

62
Ancient Greek Architecture

• Large Greek structures were traditionally made
  out of limestone.
• Workers would drag and lift the large blocks into
  place using ropes and pulleys.
• Temples were typically the largest structures in
  the Greek city states.
• Temples had 4 major components inner temple,
  columns, frieze, and pediment.

63
Why is Greek Architecture so important?

• It is a style of architecture that is seen in
  many cities around the world.
• It is a style that is still used in the design of
  modern buildings.

64
The Olympics

• The date of the first competition is unknown.
• Experts believe that the ancient games started
  776 BCE and ended in 393 AD.
• The games were a tribute to Zeus, and were held
  near his temple in the city of Olympia.
• It was considered a great honour to compete in
  the games.

65

• The Olympics that we know today started in 1896
  by Pierre de Coubertin.
• Todays games consist of 35 individual and team
  sports, and nearly 400 events.
• What have the Ancient Greeks Given us?
• Democracy
• Olympics
• Architecture
• Philosophy