AP Biology

1
Welcome

• AP Biology
• Summer Workshop
• July 10th July 14th

2
Chapter 50

• An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

3
The Scope of Ecology

• The scientific study of interactions between
  organisms and their environment.
• Ecology incorporates the hypothetico-deductive
  approach, using observations and experiments to
  test hypothetical explanations.
• Ecologists study the interactions between the
  biotic and abiotic environments.

4
Abiotic Components

• All nonliving chemical and physical factors in
  the environment.
• Light
• temperature
• climate
• water
• nutrients
• rocks and soil

5
Biotic Factors

• All the living factors present in an environment.
• Animals
• plants
• single-celled organisms
• multi-celled organisms

6
Aquatic Biomes

• Aquatic biomes occupy the largest area of the
  biosphere.
• Major parts of aquatic biomes are
• photic zone - where sufficient light reaches
• aphotic zone - no light reaches
• benthic zone - bottom of all aquatic biomes made
  of sand, organic, and inorganic sediments.

7
Aquatic Biomes (cont)

• Freshwater Biomes include
• Oligotrophic lakes - deep and nutrient poor due
  to unproductive phytoplankton.
• Eutrophic lakes - shallow with a high nutrient
  content
• Rivers and Streams - bodies of water continuously
  moving
• Wetlands - are covered with water that supports
  aquatic plants
• Estuaries - salt and freshwater mix

8
Aquatic Biomes (cont)

• Marine Biomes include
• Intertidal Zone - exposed to daily tidal
  fluctuations and wave action
• Coral Reefs - cnidarians secrete a calcium
  carbonate shell that seres as the support for all
  reef species.
• Oceanic Pelagic Biome - open ocean where
  zooplankton feed on phytoplankton which serves as
  the food source for nekton (free-swimming)

9
Terrestrial Biomes

• Distribution of terrestrial biomes is based
  mainly on regional variations in climate.
• Vertical Stratification - canopy, low-tree
  stratum, shrub understory, ground layer, forest
  floor, and root layer.
• Permafrost - permanently frozen soil

10
Tropical Forests

• Vertical stratification
• high rainfall
• most biodiverstiy
• nutrient poor soil due to increased decomposition
  of dead organic matter by bacteria

11
Desert

• Sparse rainfall (30 cm or less)
• surface temp. above 60 C during the day
• Plants have adaptations to retain water such as
  needles, thick waxy cuticle, and CAM
  photosynthesis.

12
Tundra

• High winds and cold temperatures create alpine
  tundra plant communities.
• Frozen top layer of soil
• Little annual rainfall
• moose and reindeer graze on the small plants and
  lichens

13
Principle of Allocation

• An organisms organized way of partitioning energy
  in order to maintain homeostasis.
• escape from predators
• obtaining nutrients
• growth
• reproduction
• homeostasis