Prologue

1
Prologue

• Physical Setting Earth Science
• Review Book pp.7-17

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8/13/12.
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Objective 1

• What is classification?

3
Classification

• Grouping of similar events or objects based on
  their observable properties
• Examples

Food in a grocery store ?
Books in a library ?
4
Objective 2

• Describe the difference between observations and
  inferences.

5
Observations

• Observations involve the interaction of a
  persons senses with the environment.
• What are the five senses?
• sight, smell,
• hearing,
• taste, touch

Info taken from misshaleysclassroom.blogspot.com
on 8/13/12.
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Sensory Perception

• Sensory perception is using your senses to gather
  data.
• Sensory perception is another way of saying
  making an observation.

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8/13/12.
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Instruments

• Since our powers of observation are limited, we
  use instruments.
• Instruments are used to extend our senses.

Seismographs measure earthquake waves.
Geiger Counters measure radioactivity.
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• Our sense of sight is limited so we use many
  instruments to help our eyes.

Hubble Space Telescope
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Inferences

• Interpretations based on observable properties

Phineas (orange hair) makes inferences after
observing Ferb (green hair).
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8/13/12.
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Other terms for inference

• Interpretation
• Conclusion
• Hypothesis
• Educated Guess

Image taken from ralphpatterson.com on 8/13/12.
In the study of science, inferences may become
facts because of the discovery of additional
collaborating evidence. This collaborating
evidence comes from follow up scientific
experiments and research that support the
hypothesis or inference.
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Objectives 3 4

• Define measurement and give examples.
• Be able to use the basics of the metric system.
  Why are metrics easier and important?

12
Measurements

• Describe the properties of objects numerically
  containing at least one basic dimensional
  quantity.
• Or simply a number with a label

5.0 cm
13
Metric System

• Decimal system of units for measuring used
  internationally
• Why is the use of the metric system encouraged?

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8/13/12.
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It is international.
Image taken from wikipedia on 8/13/12.
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It is based on tens so it is easier for
converting.
Image taken from woodrow.org on 8/13/12.
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Objective 5

• Explain the 5 basic measurement quantities.

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5 Basic Measurement Quantities

• Mass
• Weight
• Length
• Time
• Temperature

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• Mass- amount of material an object contains.
• Measured in kilograms
• Measured with triple-beam balance or electronic
  balance.

19

• Weight- pull of gravity on an object.
• Measured in newtons using a scale.

Image taken from onlinephys.com on 8/13/12.
Image taken from onlinephys.com on 8/13/12.
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• Length- distance between any two points.
• Measure in meters using a meterstick. Yes, a
  ruler can also be used with smaller metric units
  like cm or mm.

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• Time- measurable period during which an action,
  process or condition exists, continues or
  occurred.
• In lab class, we will measure time in minutes and
  seconds using a stopwatch.
• Basic Units of Time, Day and Year, are based on
  the motions of the Earth. See ESRT p.15.

22

• Temperature- measure of the average kinetic
  energy (KE) of the particles of a substance
• In lab class we will measure metrically in
  Celsius with a thermometer. Can also be measured
  in Fahrenheit or Kelvin.

23
Dimensional Quantities Comparisions

• Some properties of matter cannot be measured by a
  basic, single unit of measurement. Instead,
  mathematical combinations of the basic quantities
  must be used.
• Examples

24
Objective 6

• Why is percent error helpful and can you solve a
  percent error problem?

25
Percent Deviation or Error

• Mathematical expression of a calculated error in
  percent.
• Valuable in showing how close your answer is to a
  known value.
• Formula (Not on ESRT)

26
Objective 7

• What is density and can you solve a density
  problem?

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Density

• Measure of how concentrated matter is.
• Formula (ESRT p.1)
• Labels for density are two dimensional such as
  g/mL or g/cm3 or g/cc

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• The density of a uniform material is independent
  of size and shape of the material.
• For example, cutting the sample in half, the
  density will remain the same.

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Objective 8

• Interpret a mass-volume graph.

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Mass-Volume Graphs

• Slope rise/run or ?y/?x

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Objective 9, 10 11

• What are the 3 phases of matter and explain their
  differences!
• What factors can and can not affect the density
  of a substance?
• Describe the phase of matter in which the density
  of most materials is at a maximum and explain how
  that is different for water. Why is this so
  special?

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Phases of Matter

• Solid
• Liquid
• Gas

A fourth phase of matter, Plasma, makes up the
Sun and other stars.
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• The three phases of matter depend on the pressure
  or temperature in which the material is placed.

Gas Liquid Solid
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• Lowering temperature or raising pressure, matter
  generally changes from gas to liquid to solid.

Image taken from chem.ufl.edu on 8/13/12.
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• Raising temperature or lowering pressure, matter
  generally changes from solid to liquid to gas.

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8/13/12.
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Density and Phases of Matter

• The density of a gas varies with temperature
  and/or pressure.

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• When temperature increases, density decreases.
• Why?

Increasing temperature (kinetic energy) causes
the gas particles to move faster, collide more
often and spread out. When they have expanded or
spread out, this decreases the density. Same
change in density when pressure decreases.
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• When pressure increases, density increases.
• Why?

When pressure is increased, this causes gas
particles to get closer together (compressed)
which makes them more dense. Same change in
density when temperature decreases
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Maximum density of most materials is in the solid
phase.
Image taken from jmsalsich.edublogs.org on
8/13/12.

• In order of decreasing density,
  1st-Solid, 2nd-Liquid and 3rd-Gas

40

• The maximum density of water is reached when it
  occurs in the liquid phase.
• Solid water (ice) floats on liquid water,
  therefore ice is less dense than liquid water.
• Why???

Icebergs float on water
Image taken from hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu
on 8/13/12.
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• When water molecules freeze, they expand as they
  form hexagonal crystals. This expansion actually
  makes the molecules farther apart in the solid
  phase.

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• Water freezes at 0oCelsius.
• Water has a maximum density of 1.00g/mL at 4oC

Image taken from hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu
on 8/13/12.
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• What are some consequences that result from water
  being an exception to the maximum density rule?

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Objective 12

• Describe types of change and give examples of
  each.

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Characteristics of Change

• Change is a natural state. The Earth is dynamic,
  meaning constantly changing. Change is to be
  expected, for it is the natural state of the
  universe.
• Any change in an Earth system or object can be
  described as the occurrence of an event.

Eruption of Arenal Volcano, Costa Rica Image
taken from universetoday.com on 8/13/12.
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• Events may occur suddenly.

Shooting Stars (Meteors)
Landslides
Lightning Strike
Image taken from starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov on
8/13/12.
Image taken from kidsgeo.com on 8/13/12.
Image taken from en.wikipedia.org on 8/13/12.
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• Events may take very long periods of time.

Formation of Grand Canyon
Image taken from grand.canyon.national-park.com
on 8/13/12.
Movement of Continents
Mountain Formation
Image taken from http//www.destination360.com/nor
th-america/us/wyoming/rocky-mountains on 8/13/12.
Image taken from moorlandschool.co.uk on 8/13/12.
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Objective 13

• What are variables and how are they placed on a
  graph?

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Graphing-A Way to Show Data

• Variables- factors involved in change.

• When making a graph, the variable you know before
  you begin is graphed on the horizontal axis of
  the graph. This variable is called the
  independent variable.
• The dependent variable is placed on the vertical
  axis.

Image taken from mynasadata.larc.nasa.gov on
8/13/12.
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• Steepness of graph indicates rate of change.
• Steeper the line, the greater the rate of change
• Flatter the line, the slower the rate of change

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Objective 14

• Interpret different sloped graphs and the 3 types
  of graphical relationships.

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Direct Relationship

• Both variables change in same direction.
• Either both variables increase or both will
  decrease.

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Inverse Relationship

• One variable increases as the other decreases.

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Cyclic Relationship

• A predictable change that occurs in a repeating
  pattern.

Image taken from theseashore.org.uk on 8/13/12.
Image taken from serc.carleton.edu on 8/13/12.
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• Many changes in the environment are cyclic.
  Cyclic changes involve events that repeat in
  space and time.
• Other terms used to describe cyclic changes are
  repeating, predictable, orderly

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One-direction Events

• Not all changes are cyclic. Non-cyclic are
  called one-direction events.

One-directional events can also be called
unpredictable, non-repeating or non-cyclic.
Rusting
Shooting Star (Meteor)
Image taken from the-shooting-star.com on
8/13/12.
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Objectives 15 16

• What is the relationship of energy to change?
• Explain how the environment can change and still
  be in a state of dynamic equilibrium.

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Energy Flow and Exchange

• Energy flow is the cause of change.
• When environmental change occurs, energy is lost
  by one part of the environment, the source, and
  gained in another part called the sink.
• This change from source to sink occurs
  simultaneously or at the same time.

Image taken from physics.louisville.edu on
8/13/12.
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Interface

• The exchange of energy (gain and loss) occurs at
  an interface between the affected parts of the
  environment.
• An interface is a location or boundary.

Image taken from sci.uidaho.edu on 8/13/12.
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Predictability of Change

• If there is enough evidence and knowledge about a
  particular environmental change, it may be
  possible to predict the scope and direction that
  future changes will take.

What season is next?
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• General events are fairly predictable.

Low Tide at Pacific Beach in Costa Rica
High Tide at Pacific Beach in Costa Rica
Image taken from aa.usno.navy.mil on 8/13/12.
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• Individual occurrences are much more difficult to
  precisely predict.
• It is easier to make accurate predictions when
  there are many observations and few variables
  involved in the change.

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Environmental Balance

• state of equilibrium- tendency to remain
  unchanged.

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Dynamic Equilibrium

• A balance between two opposing processes going on
  at the same rate in a system.
• Examples

Image taken from tomatosphere.org on 8/13/12.
Image taken from drroyspencer.com on 8/13/12.