Ruminants Anatomy

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Ruminants Anatomy
In Hinduism, the cow is a symbol of wealth,
strength, abundance, selfless giving and fully
earthy life
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• Musculoskeletal

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Bovine Skeleton
7, 13, 6, 5, 18-20
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Types - bones
vertebrae and certain facial bones
humerus, radius, femur, tibia, metacarpals, and
metatarsals
patella, and proximal and distal sesamoid bones
of the digits.
sternum, ribs, scapula, and certain skull bones
carpal and tarsal bones
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Cow and Sheep Skull

• The brain is situated within the cranium - a
  box-like posterior part of the skull.
• The brain is connected to the spinal cord through
  a large hole, the foramen magnum.
• The foramen magnum is flanked by two large knobs
  or occipital condyles that form a joint with the
  first cervical vertebra of the neck.
• Sinuses or spaces are present between the inner
  and outer cranial walls.

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Meningoencephalocoele
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Nasal sinus MCF
Digital section of head with removal of nasal
septum, showing accumulated fibrinous secretions
lodged in the anterior portions of the left nasal
turbinates (arrow).
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Coronoid process is located medially to the
zygomatic arch Process allows muscle leverage to
be exerted onto the mandibleMandibular condyle
joint between the skull and the lowerIn cattle
and sheep, the mandibular condyle is relatively
flat and allows considerable movement in a
horizontal plane. Lateral movement is
important in animals whose teeth work with a
grinding action.
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• Ruminants such as cattle, sheep and goats are
  herbivores with a unique digestive system.
• A prominent feature of ruminant dental anatomy is
  that they lack upper incisors, having instead a
  "dental pad", as shown in the image to the right
  of a goat.

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DENTAL FORMULA
Species Dental Formula Total teeth
Canine - puppy 313 313 28 (NO MOLARS)
Canine - adult 3142 3143 42 (EXTRA MOLAR ON MANDIBLE)
Feline - kitten 313 312 26
Feline - adult 3131 3121 30 (EXTRA PRE-MOLAR ON MAXILLA)
Equine - adult 3133 314/33 40 0r 42
Porcine - adult 3143 3143 44
Bovine adult 0033 3133 32 (NO UPPER INCSORS DENTAL PAD)
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Dental Formulae

• 0 0 3
• 3 1 3
• 0 0 3 3
• 3 1 3 3

Deciduous
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Permanent
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• The dental anatomy of all ruminants is similar
• In the dental formulae shown above, cattle are
  depicted as having 3 incisors and 1 canine tooth.
  Some authors prefer to state that they have 4
  incisors, with the canine tooth refered to as the
  fourth or corner incisor.
• Llamas

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Llama and Alpacas
Maxilla and mandible, llama. Maxillary teeth
shown are the third incisor and canine.
Mandibular teeth shown are I1-I4. The llama
fighting teeth are the upper third incisors,
upper canines, and lower fourth incisors (six
total teeth). The fighting teeth Courtesy of Dr.
Bradford B. Smith and Dr. Karen I. Timm
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Tooth Eruption
Deciduous Permanent
Incisors Birth - 2 weeks 18 - 48 months
Premolars Birth - 1 weeks 24 - 36 months
Molars 6 - 30 months

• CD

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Maxillary Arcade

• Note the lack of incisors

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Maxillary Arcade(Lateral view)
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Mandibular Arcade
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Mandibular Arcade(Lateral view)
The wide gap that separates the incisors (or
dental pad on the maxilla) from the premolars is
called the diastema.
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• The vertebral column or backbone is the main axis
  of the skeleton and it protects the spinal cord.
• The spinal cord is located in a neural canal
  formed by a long series of neural arches, each
  contributed by a different vertebra.
• The neural arch of each vertebra is supported on
  the body or centrum of the vertebra. In some
  types of vertebrae, the neural arch extends
  dorsally as a prominent spine that may be called
  a dorsal spine, a neural spine or a spinous
  process.

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Abscess of vertebral body
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types of vertebrae

• NAME--------REGION---------BEEF--------------LAMB
  
• Cervical--------Neck------------------7-----------
  ------------7
• Thoracic-------Ribcage---------------13-----------
  ----------13 to 14
• Lumbar--------Loin--------------------6-----------
  -----------6 to 7
• Sacral ---------Sirloin------------------5--------
  --------------4
• Caudal---------Tail--------------------18 to
  20--------------16 to 18

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assist the extensor muscles of the head and neck,
extending from the occipital bone to the spinous
processes of the thoracic vertebrae
Plan of neck in beef, showing1, ligamentum nuch
2, atlas and 3, axis. The ligamentum nuchae is
pale yellow

• The first cervical vertebra, the atlas,
  articulates with the skull and is greatly
  modified in shape to form a joint that enables
  the animal to nod its head up and down.
• Rotation or twisting of the head occurs from the
  joint between the atlas and the next cervical
  vertebra, the axis.
• The ligamentum nuchae is a very strong elastic
  ligament in the dorsal midline of the neck, and
  it relieves the animal of the weight of its head.
  Were it not for the ligamentum nuchae, the head
  of the standing animal would droop between its
  forelimbs

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Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumoniae
Exposed Atlanto-Occipital joint with severe
thickening of the meninges and fibrin deposits
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Ribcage

• The cage formed by thoracic vertebrae, ribs and
  sternum is an essential component of the
  respiratory system.
• Thoracic vertebrae are distinguished by their
  tall dorsal spines, many of which point towards
  the hindquarter and are known as the feather
  bones.

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Comparative Vertebrae
Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Coccygeal
Canine/ Feline 7 13 7 3 6-23
Equine 7 18 7 5 15 - 21
Bovine 7 13 6 5 18 - 20
Porcine 7 14 - 15 6 - 7 4 20 - 23
Ovine 7 13 6 7 4 16 - 18
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The structure of the ribcage is rather variable
in lamb carcasses

• BEEF----------LAMB
• Total pairs of ribs-------------13--------------13
  to 14
• Pairs of sternal ribs-----------8----------------8
  
• Pairs of asternal ribs----------5---------------5
  to 6
• Number of sternebrae--------7---------------6 to 7

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Pelvis

• The pelvis and the sacrum form a ring of bone
  completed ventrally by the pubes.
• The left pubis is separated from the right pubis
  by fibrocartilage which, at parturition, may
  soften to allow movement between the bones of the
  pelvis.
• The pubes are separated when carcasses are split
  into left and right sides in the abattoir.

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Plan of the pelvis in a hanging beef carcass
showing1, lesser sciatic notch 2, ischiatic
spine 3, greater sciatic notch 4, psoas
tubercle 5, obturator foramen 6, symphysis
pubis7, ischium and 8, ilium.
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Pubic
The tuber coxae forms the basis of the point of
the hip (hooks)
Another plan of the both sides of the pelvis in a
hanging carcass showing 1, tuber coxae 2,
acetabulum 3, acetabular ramus of ischium 4,
tuber ischii 5, symphysis pubis 6, ilium 7,
pubis and 8, ischium
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OS COXAE - PELVIS
The pelvic girdle comprised of the illium,
ishium, and pubis. This is the largest of the the
flat bones
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Ilium Ischium - Pubis

• Smallest of the three parts of the pelvic girdle

• The largest and most anterior of the three parts
  of the pelvic girdle
• Hip bone/ Pin bone

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Aitch bone Body of shaft of Ischium

• The aitch bone is curved in steer and bull
  carcasses, is moderately curved in heifers, but
  is straight in cow carcasses

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Forelimb skeleton -Scapula

• The scapula is not fused to the vertebral column
  (like the pelvis in the hindlimb), and this
  allows muscles that hold the scapula to the
  ribcage to function as shock absorbers during
  locomotion.
• The scapula has a distal socket joint for the
  next bone in the forelimb, the humerus.
• This socket of the glenohumeral joint is called
  the glenoid cavity .
• The glenoid cavity is wide and shallow, unlike
  the ball and socket joint in the hindlimb which
  is narrow and deep.

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ACROMION

• On the lateral face of the scapula is a prominent
  ridge of bone called the spine of the scapula.
• In beef (OX) carcasses, the scapular spine is
  extended distally as a prominent acromion
  process.

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Humerus Arm bone / clod bone

• Proceeding distally down the forelimb, the bone
  that articulates with the scapula is the humerus.
• Proximally, the humerus has a relatively flat
  knob or head to fit into the glenoid cavity of
  the scapula. Two well defined condyles on the
  distal end of the humerus contribute to the hinge
  joint at the elbow.

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Radius Ulna (Foreshank bone)
Beef shankbones showing 1, distal end of
humerus 2, olecranon fossa 3, olecranon
process, 4,radius 5, ulna and 6, carpal bones.

• The radius is joined to the ulna and is the
  shorter and more anterior bone of the pair

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Femur Round bone or leg bone

• The proximal bone of the hindlimb is the femur or
  round bone. The articular head of the femur is
  deeply rounded and it bears a round ligament that
  holds it into the acetabulum.
• Another distinctive feature of the femur is the
  broad groove between the two trochlear ridges
  located distally. The patella or knee cap slides
  in this groove

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Tibia hind shank hock bone

• In beef and lamb carcasses there is a single
  major bone, the tibia or shank bone, located
  distally to the femur.
• Tibia and fibula
• 1, medial condyle,
• 2, lateral condyle
• 3, tibia, and
• 4, fibula.

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Congenital
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Cloven (split) hoof Cattle/ goat/ sheep
2 digits III and IV with 3 phalanges. Digits II
and V vestiges
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(No Transcript)
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Erosion on the foot caused by FMD or Vesicular
Stomatitis which are grossly indistinguishable
from one another.
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References

• http//w3.vet.cornell.edu/virtualvet/bovine/tissue
  _lesions.aspx?Tis37
• http//bovine.unl.edu/bovine3D/eng/nIntro.jsp
• http//studentvet.wordpress.com/2010/07/29/bovine-
  forelimb/Humerus
• McBride Douglas, Learning Veterinary terminology,
  2002
• http//vetmed.illinois.edu/courses/imaging_anatomy
  /bovine/hindlimb/foot/ex01/ex01.html