Isik university microwave group

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Isik University Microwave Techniques
Group Newcom WPR3 Contribution Areas

• Design of Front-End Building Blocks
• Filters,
• Matching Networks,
• Amplifiers,
• Phase Shifters.
• Integration of Microwave Front-Ends.
• Power Amplifier Linearization.

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Isik University Microwave Techniques Group
Prof. Dr. B. Siddik Yarman (yarman_at_isikun.edu.tr
) Prof. Dr. Ahmet Aksen
(aksen_at_isikun.edu.tr) Dr. Ali Kilinç Dr. Ebru
Gürsu Çimen Haci Pinarbasi Metin Sengül
http//www.isikun.edu.tr/microwave/
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Microwave Circuits Education at Isik University

• Courses
• Microwave Laboratory
• Research Areas

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Microwave Courses

• EE 475 Microwave Communications (3 hrs/week
  Lab.)
• Transmission line theory, transmission lines and
  waveguides, impedance transformation and matching
  techniques, microwave network analysis and matrix
  representations, generalized scattering
  parameters, signal flow graphs, modal analysis,
  power dividers, introduction to microwave
  communication systems and microwave propagation.
• EE 476 Wireless Communications (3 hrs/week )
• Design and analysis of wireless communication
  systems, with an emphasis on understanding the
  unique characteristics of these systems. Topics
  include cellular planning, mobile radio
  propagation and path loss, characterization of
  multipath fading channels, modulation and
  equalization techniques for mobile radio systems,
  multiple access alternatives, common air
  protocols and standards.

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• EE 536 Microwave Circuit Design for Wireless
  Communication(3hrs/week)
• Radio Transceiver Technology Requirements, RF
  Component Requirements for Transceivers Filter,
  Amplifier, Mixer, Frequency Synthesizer and
  Dublexer Requirements. RF/Microwave Circuit
  Implementation Options Semiconductor Devices and
  Passive Devices. Design of microwave filters and
  impedance matching networks Analytic and
  semi-analytic approaches Low-Power Radio
  Frequency ICs for Broadcast Radio Receivers and
  Wireless Celular Telephone Trancievers
• EE 620 Advanced Microwave Circuit Design (3
  hrs/week )
• Characterization of linear circuits at microwave
  frequencies Brune functions, Piloty functions,
  realizability conditions for lossless networks,
  scattering description of lossless two-ports.
  Design of microwave filters, distributed Richards
  frequency transformation and theorem, Krodas
  identities, microwave filter design, broadband
  matching Analytic and semianalytic approaches,
  mixed lumped-distributed network design.
• EE 625 Microwave Amplifier Desing (3 hrs/week )
• Active circuits at microwave frequencies Noise
  parameters, SNR, noise figure, noise temperature
  measurements, microwave transistor amplifier
  design gain stability, microwave transistor
  oscillator design, numerical methods for
  multistage amplifier design.

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Microwave Laboratory

• This laboratory provides facilities in
  undergraduate and graduate training and research
  in the field of microwave engineering and antenna
  systems and applications. Various passive and
  active microwave components, basic antenna types
  and measurement setups operating at microwave
  frequencies of up to 10 GHz are among the basic
  facilities offered in this laboratory.
• Hardware Facilities
• Lab-Volt Microwave Training Set (10.5 GHz)
• HP-Agilent Spectrum Analyzer (9 KHz-1.8 GHz)
• Lab-Volt Gunn Oscillator (10.5 GHz)
• RF Cable Assemblies and Connectors (10 MHz to 10
  GHz)
• Waveguide Hardware (2 GHz to 10 GHz)
• RF Components (800 MHz to 10 GHz) Amplifiers,
  Mixers, Detectors, Couplers, Power
  Dividers,Terminations,Attenuators,
• Horn Antennas
• Software Facilities
• AutoCad, PCB Design Software, MATLAB,
• Microwave Office, SONNET(EM simulation),
• RFT Microwave Circuit Design and Optimization,
• FILPRO(Filter Design)
• APLAC RF Design Tool

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Research Areas

• Design of Broadband Matching Networks
• Design of Microwave Amplifiers
• Multivariable Network Characterization
• (Mixed Lumped-distributed Networks)
• Data Modelling
• Design of Broadband Phase Shifters
• CAD Tools for Broadband Microwave Circuit Design
• Real Frequency Technique (RFT) Toolboxes
• Modelling Toolbox
• Wideband Microwave Circuit Designer (WMCD)
  Integrated Toolbox

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Design of Broadband Matching Networks

• Broadband Matching Problem
• Analytic vs Real Frequency Techniques
• Real Frequency Broadband Matching Techniques

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Broadband Matching Problem
Power transmission problem between a complex
generator and load
Gain-Bandwith Optimization
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Analytic versus Real Frequency Techniques in
Broadband Matching

• Analytic Theory
• An analytic form of transfer function is chosen,
  which should include load network
• Applicable to simple problems
• Real frequency techniques
• No need to choose circuit topology
• No need to choose transfer function
• Well behaved numeric
• Experimental load data is directly processed

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Real Frequency Broadband Matching Techniques

• Line Segment Technique (Carlin, 1977)
• Parametric Approach (Fettweis, 1979)
• Simplified Real Frequency Technique
• (Yarman, 1982)
• Direct Computational Technique
• (Yarman Carlin 1983)
• RFT for Mixed Lumped-Distributed Circuits
• (Aksen Yarman, 1994)
• ....

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Line Segment Technique
Design ParmetersRi
Unknown real part R(?) is represented as a number
of straight-line segments
Optimize TPG
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Parametric Approach

• Z is minimum reactive

• Based on parametric representation of Brune
  functions, analytic form of the impedance
  function is directly generated,
• The direct control of transmission zeros is
  ensured,
• Computational complexity is reduced,
• The gain function is explicit in terms of free
  parameters.

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Design Parametersp0,p1,...pn singularities of
the network Roots of the driving point impedance



f(p) denotes transmission zeros of N
d(p) is strictly Hurwitz
Optimize TPG
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Simplified Real Frequency Technique
Belevitch Representation of Scattering Parameters
Losslessness Equation
g(p)g(-p) h(p)h(-p) f(p)f(-p)
Design Parametersh0,h1,...hn coefficients of
the h(p) polynomial
contruct
contruct
Initialize f and h g
S(p) parameters
Optimize TPG
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Direct Computational Technique
Design ParametersA0,D0,D1,...Dn coefficients
of the R2(w)Rein(jw)
Initialize Di,A0 Generate Z2(p) via Gewertz
Procedure
Optimize TPG
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Design of Distributed Structures

• Design of broadband microwave networks Filters,
  Matching Networks and Amplifiers with
  Transmission Line structures.
• Available Real Frequency Design techniques can
  directly be employed for distributed designs by
  making use of Richards transformation
• Planar implementation techniques Microstrip,
  Stripline, coplanar line, suspended substrate in
  MIC and MMIC

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Network Synthesis

• Darlington Synthesis for Lumped Networks
• Richards Synthesis for Distributed Networks
• or
• Generalized Network Synthesis via Transfer
  Matrix Factorization
• Decomposing the lossless reciprocal two-port N
  into two cascade connected lossless two-port Na
  and Nb.
• TTaTb

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Mixed Lumped-Distributed Circuits (
Multivariable Network Characterization )
? Delay length of unit elements

• Multivariable description and insertion loss
  synthesis of mixed element structures
• Parasitics, discontinuities and device to medium
  interface modelling
• Computer aided design and simulation of MIC
  layouts

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Scattering Description in Two Variables

• , , are real polynomials
• is a Scattering Hurwitz polynomial
• is monic, is a unimodular constant

and
,
where
and

• Boundary Conditions
• Transmission Zeros
• Lumped Prototype
• Distributed Prototype
• Connectivity Information

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Losslessness Condition

Fundamental Equation Set (FES)
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Example Low-Pass Ladder with Unit Elements

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Multivariable Characterization of Regular Mixed
Element Two-Ports
Explicit design equations Low-Pass,
Symmetrical, High-Pass, Band-Pass
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Impedance Description in Two Variables



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Boundary Conditions
Transmission Zeros
Lumped Prototype



Distributed Prototype
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Even Part Condition
Transmission Zeros
Even Part constraint
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Design ExampleSingle Stage Amplifier
Back End Equalizer


Front End Equalizer

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Symmetrical Mixed Element Structures

• Symmetrical Mixed-Element Lossless Two-Ports
• Symmetrical Interconnect Models
• Symmetrical Two-port Characterization
• Design Example

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Symmetrical Lossless Two-Ports Constructed with
Mixed Elements

• Typical Applications
• Microwave amplifiers and antenna matching
  networks,
• RF front-end interstage interconnect modelling of
  high speed, high frequency analog/digital systems

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Symmetrical Interconnect Models

• Assures the sharp roll-off on the performance
  characteristics,
• Facilitate the production of the same value
  elements employing the MMIC or VLSI technology,
• Leads to savings in both design and manufacturing
  effort,
• Reduce the required execution time and memory.

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Symmetrical Two-port Characterization

• h(p,?) even or odd polynomial
• h(p,?) polynomial
• Generate ?H, ?G in terms of properly selected
  independent coefficient set hij
• Construct h(p, ?), g(p, ?) and hence S(p, ?)

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Design ExampleTwo Stage Amplifier
Scattering Parameters of the 0.3mm Low-noise Gate
GaAs MESFET NE76000 Biased at VDS 3 V, IDS
10 mA
Freq. GHz s11 m p s21 m p s12 m p s22 m p
2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 0.99 -27 0.97 -39 0.95 -50 0.92 -61 0.89 -70 0.87 -78 0.86 -87 0.83 -96 0.81 -104 3.19 158 3.08 148 2.95 138 2.81 129 2.67 120 2.55 113 2.45 104 2.33 97 2.24 90 0.04 74 0.06 66 0.07 59 0.09 51 0.09 47 0.10 41 0.11 36 0.11 30 0.12 29 0.67 -16 0.66 -23 0.64 -30 0.62 -36 0.60 -42 0.59 -47 0.58 -53 0.57 -58 0.57 -63
Interstage
Output
Input
Transducer Power Gain
Coefficients of Equalizers
Input matching network
Interstage matching network
Output matching network
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Design of Broadband Microwave Amplifiers

• Broadband Amplifier Design
• Design Issues
• Front and back equalizer design
• Multistage Amplifier Design
• Power Amplifier design

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Broadband Amplifier Design

• Design Issues
• Gain-Bandwidth Constraints
• Performance criteria (Gain, Noise Figure, SWR,
• Dynamic Range, Linearity )
• Numerical transistor data utilization and
  modelling
• Design of front-end, back-end and interstage
  equalizers
• Power amplifier design
• Hybrid/MIC/MMIC Implementation

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Front and Back Equalizer Design
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Multistage Amplifier Design
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Circuit Data Modelling
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Data Modeling Tasks

• Given a numerical data set which measured over a
  frequency band as an impedance, admittance or
  reflectance as real-imaginary or magnitude-phase
• Match a network function which satisfies
  Positive-Realness conditions
• Generate network equivalent constructed with
  passive circuit elements.

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Applications

• Antenna modeling
• To analyze their electrical behavior such as the
  gain bandwidth limitations or power delivering
  capabilities
• Impedance matching
• Design of high speed/high frequency
  analog/digital mobile communication sub-systems
  manufactured on VLSI chips
• Passive device modeling
• Such as components, connectors, power/signal
  lines behavior characterization, simulation
• Active device
• Input or output port model for impedance
  matching, noise figure merits

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Approaches

• Modeling by Immitance functions
• using Non-Linear optimization
• using interpolation techniques
• Polynomial interpolation
• Lagrange interpolation

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Approaches

• Modeling by Scattering parameters
• using Non-Linear optimization
• using iterative solution

Belevitch Representation of Scattering Parameters
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An Antenna modeling example
Program screen
Given measured impedance data
Freq (MHz) Real part data (?) Imaginary part data (?)
20 0.6 -6.0
30 0.8 -2.2
40 0.8 0
45 1.0 1.4
50 2.0 2.8
55 3.4 4.6
60 7.0 7.6
65 15.0 8.8
70 22.4 -5.4
75 11.0 -13.0
80 5.0 -10.8
90 1.6 -6.8
100 1.0 -4.4
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An Antenna modeling example
Report of Program
--- Result of Modelling --- Real Part Modelling
Result Successful Trial number 60 Error
3.8979 Function type Impedance Interp.
method Lagrange Zeros Chebyshev roots 3
12 Samples 2 9 Minimum reactance functions
R_w2_nom 0.000000e000 0.000000e000
1.000000e000 R_w2_den 7.812500e000
-7.544643e000 1.865737e000 Z_s_nom
0.000000e000 4.964006e000 5.359813e-001
Z_s_den 2.046303e000 2.209465e-001
1.000000e000 Synthesis of Minimum reactance
functions C1 4.12228e-001 L2 4.96401e000
R3 5.35981e-001 Foster Modelling Result
Successful Error 1.3751 Func. type FF-1,
poles at zero, infinity and finite freq.
Samples 1 8 10 13 pole freq.
6.745369e-001 7.745967e-001 Residues
2.534267e-002 3.561921e-002 1.870885e000
1.489978e000 Synthesis of Foster functions
L1 5.56982e-002 C2 3.94591e001 L3
5.93654e-002 C4 2.80747e001 L5
1.87088e000 C6 6.71151e-001 End of report.
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Future Works

• A modeling process can be done for
• One-port device
• Multi-port device
• And modeled devices can be
• Passive device
• Active device

Done Future project
Done Partially done
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Design of Broadband Phase Shifters
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0o-360o Wide Range Digital Phase Shifters
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Current ProjectsCAD Tools for Broadband
Microwave Circuit Design

• RFT Toolboxes
• Modelling Toolbox
• WMCD Integrated Toolbox

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RFT Matching Network Design Toolboxes

• Toolboxes
• Line Segment Technique
• Direct Computational Technique
• Parametric Technique
• Simplifed Real Frequency Technique
• Mixed Lumped-distributed Design

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Modelling Toolbox
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WMCD Integrated Toolbox
Broadband matching toolbox Design and
optimization of broadband matching networks and
amplifiers via real frequency techniques

• Lumped Element Design
• Distributed Element Design
• Mixed Lumped-Distributed Design
• Multistage Amplifier Design

v1.0

• Options
• Line Segment Approach
• Direct Computational Technique
• Parametric Approach
• Simplifed Real Frequency Technique

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Design Example Double Matching Problem
Transducer Power Gain
Comparision of RFT Results (Normalized values)

• Bandwidth 0 ? w ? 1
• Complexity of equalizer
• n3 (Low pass)

Min.Gain Ripple n C1 L2 C3
Scattering approach 0.922 0.0768 1.188 1.322 2.475 1.113
Parametric approach 0.923 0.0639 1.1191 1.3526 2.3902 1.1676
Impedance approach 0.924 0.0629 1.1198 1.351 2.3941 1.166
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Design Example Single Stage Amplifier
Scattering Data for HFET 2001
Front-End
Frequency GHz S11 m p S21 m p S12 m p S22 m p
6 8 10 12 14 16 0.88 -65 0.83 -85 0.79 -101 0.76 -113 0.73 -126 0.71 -141 2.00 125 1.81 109 1.64 95 1.48 84 1.39 73 1.32 61 0.05 60 0.06 53 0.06 51 0.06 52 0.06 54 0.07 55 0.71 -22 0.68 -30 0.66 -37 0.66 -43 0.64 -48 0.63 -56
Back- End
Transducer Power Gain
Normalized element values
C1 0.0260 L2 0.7516 C3 1.4 n1 0..6298 n2
1.53
C4 0.3874 L5 1.4105 C6 1.307 L7 1.6386
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Design ExampleTwo Stage Amplifier
Scattering Data for HP 1 µm FET
Coefficients of Mixed Element Equalizer
Transducer Power Gain
L142.3pH, L2165pH, C3182pF,
C1170pF, C252.8pF, L360.2pH,
Z154.23?, Z320?,
C4170.8pF, Z230?, Z4200?,
Z540?, Z616.82? t1 t2 0.2,
t3 t40.2, t5
t60.25
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Selected Publications

• Yarman B.S., Broadband Network, Wiley
  Encyclopedia of Electrical and Electronics
  Engineering John G.Webster, Editor, Vol 2,
  pp.589-605, 1999, John WileySons corp.
• A. Aksen, H. Pinarbasi,B. S. Yarman A Parametric
  Approach to Construct Two-Variable Positive Real
  Impedance Functions for the Real Frequency Design
  of Mixed Lumped-Distributed Matching Networks
  IEEE MTT- 2004, pp. 1851-1854, 6-11 June 2004
• A.Aksen, B.S.Yarman, A Real Frequency Approach
  to Describe Lossless Two-Ports Formed with Mixed
  Lumped and Distributed Elements (Dedicated to
  Professor Alfred Fettweis on the occasion of his
  75 th birthday), Int.J.Electron.Commun.(AEÜ) 55
  (2001) No.6, pp.389-396
• B.S.Yarman, A.Aksen, A.Kilinç, An Immitance
  Based Tool for Modelling Passive One-Port Devices
  by Means of Darlington Equivalents (Dedicated to
  Professor Alfred Fettweis on the occasion of his
  75 th birthday), Int.J.Electron.Commun.(AEÜ) 55
  (2001) No.6, pp.443-451
• A.Aksen, B.S.Yarman, Cascade synthesis of
  two-wariable lossless two-port networks with
  lumped elements and transmission lines, in
  Multidimensional Signals, Circuits and Systems,
  Editors K.Galkowski and J.Wood, Chapter 12,
  pp.219-232, Taylor and Francis, New York, 2001
• B.S.Yarman, E. G. Çimen, A. Aksen, Description
  of symmetrical lossless two-ports in two-kinds of
  elements for the design of microwave
  communication systems in MMIC realization,
  ECCTD2001 (European Conference on Circuit Theory
  and Design), Espoo, Finland, 28-31 August, 2001