AP Biology National Final

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AP Biology National Final

• Content Part I
• Molecules and Cells
• 25 of test material

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Chemistry
3
Oxygen has an atomic number of 8. Therefore, it
must have A) 8 protons. B) 8 electrons. C) 16
neutrons. D) Only A and B are correct. E) A, B,
and C are correct.
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Periodic Table
5
Each element is unique and different from other
elements because of its A) atomic weight. B)
atomic number. C) neutron number. D) Only A and
B are correct. E) A, B, and C are correct.
6
How does one refer to an atomic form of an
element containing the same number of protons but
a different number of neutrons? A) isomer B)
isotope C) ion D) polar atom E) radioactive
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Ionic BondTransfer of electrons
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Covalent Bond Sharing of electrons
9
In a single molecule of water, the two hydrogen
atoms are bonded to a single oxygen atom by A)
ionic bonds. B) hydrogen bonds. C) nonpolar
covalent bonds. D) polar covalent bonds. E) van
der Waals interactions.
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Water

• Polar due to oxygens high electronegativity
• Adhesion
• Cohesion
• Capillary action
• High heat of vaporization

• High specific heat
• Hydrogen bonds
• High surface tension
• Expands when freezes

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What do cohesion, surface tension, and adhesion
have in common with reference to water? A) All
are produced by covalent bonding. B) All are
properties related to hydrogen bonding. C) All
have to do with nonpolar covalent bonds. D) All
increase when temperature increases. E) Both A
and C are correct.
12
Water is able to form hydrogen bonds because A)
oxygen has a valence of 2. B) the water molecule
is polar. C) the hydrogen atoms in a water
molecule are weakly negative in charge. D) the
water molecule is shaped like a tetrahedron. E)
the oxygen atom in a water molecule has a strong
positive charge.
13
The partial negative charge at one end of a water
molecule is attracted to the partial positive
charge of another water molecule. What is this
attraction called? A) a hydrophobic bond B) a
hydrogen bond C) an ionic bond D) a hydrophilic
bond E) a covalent bond
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Acids

• donate protons to water to form hydronium ions
• taste sour
• turn cabbage juice red
• turn litmus paper red

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Bases

• donate hydroxyl groups
• accept protons
• taste bitter
• feel slimey
• turn cabbage juice yellow, green or blue
  depending upon the solution concentration
• turn litmus paper blue

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Buffers

• Minimize pH changes in a system

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Carbon

• 4 equidistant bonding sites (4 valence electrons

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What type of bonds does carbon have a tendency to
form? A) A, B, and C are correct. B) covalent
C) hydrogen D) Only A and B are correct. E)
ionic
21
Organic chemistry is a science based on the study
of A) vital forces interacting with matter. B)
the properties of oxygen. C) water and its
interaction with other kinds of molecules. D)
carbon compounds. E) functional groups.
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Which is the best description of a carbonyl
group? A) a sulfur and a hydrogen bonded to a
carbon atom B) a nitrogen and a hydrogen bonded
to a carbon atom C) an oxygen double-bonded to a
carbon and a hydroxyl group D) a carbon and
hydrogen atom E) a carbon atom joined to an
oxygen atom by a double bond
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Carbohydrates Mr. CHO

• 121 ratio of CHO
• Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose)

25
Polymers of polysaccharides, fats, and proteins
are all synthesized from monomers by A)
connecting monosaccharides together. B) the
formation of disulfide bridges between monomers.
C) ionic bonding of the monomers. D) the
addition of water to each monomer. E) the
removal of water (dehydration reactions).
26
Consider a polysaccharide consisting of 828
glucose molecules. The total hydrolysis of the
polysaccharide would result in the production of
A) 828 glucose molecules and 828 water
molecules. B) 827 glucose molecules. C) 828
glucose molecules and no water molecules. D) 827
water molecules. E) 827 glucose molecules and
827 water molecules.
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Disaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose)
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Polysaccharide long chains of glucose

• Starch, cellulose, chitin, glycogen held
  together with glycosidic bonds

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Lipids Mrs. CHO

• A much higher ration of C to H atoms than in
  carbohydrates
• Fats, steroids, waxes, oils, cholesterol

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Saturated versus unsaturated
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ProteinsMr. CHON

• Amino acids linked together by peptide bonds
• Hormones chemical messengers (insulin)
• Transport hemoglobin carrier proteins
• Structural cellulose, collagen
• Contractile actin and myosin
• Immune interferon, antibodies
• Enzymes catalysts amylase, lipase, lactase

33
Which of the following contains nitrogen in
addition to carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen? A) an
amino acid such as glycine B) an alcohol such as
ethanol C) a monosaccharide such as starch D) a
steroid such as testosterone E) a hydrocarbon
such as benzene
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Amino Acids
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The 20 different amino acids found in
polypeptides exhibit different chemical and
physical properties because of different A)
amino groups. B) side chains (R groups). C)
tertiary structure. D) carboxyl groups. E) Both
A and B are correct.
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Protein shapes
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Nucleic Acids (DNA RNA)
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Energy

• 1st and 2nd Law of thermodynamics
• Gibbs Free Energy symbol G
• Exergonic endergonic reactions
• Activiation energy

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Which of the following is the most randomized
form of energy? A) chemical potential energy
B) mechanical energy C) electrical energy D)
thermal (heat) energy E) light energy
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Enzymes

• Substrate
• Active site allosteric site
• Induced fit NOT LOCK KEY
• Feedback inihibition

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Competitive and non-competitive inhibition
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Cells

• Prokaryotic no nucleus bacteria
• Eukaryotic true nucleus everything else

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Cell membrane
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All of the following are functions of integral
membrane proteins except A) enzyme synthesis.
B) active transport. C) cell adhesion. D)
cytoskeleton attachment. E) hormone reception.
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Movement across the membrane

• Passive diffusion, osmosis
• Active proton pumps (sodium/potassium)
• Endocytosis
• Exocytosis
• Phagocytosis
• Pinocytosis
• Hypertonic
• Hypotonic

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Types of bacteria

• Obligate anaerobes die in the presence of
  oxygen
• Facultative aerobes can survive with or without
  oxygen
• Obligate aerobes die without oxygen
• Photoautotrophs photosynthetic bacteria
• Chemoautotrophs get energy from inorganic
  matter
• Chemoheterotrophs consume organic matter

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Eukaryotic cells organelles

• Nucleus
• Ribosomes
• ER
• Golgi Apparatus
• Lysosomes
• Mitochondria
• Cytoskeleton

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Specialized organelles in plants

• Chloroplasts
• Vacuole
• Thylakoids
• grana
• Stroma
• Cell wall

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Flagella Cilia
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The Cell Cycle
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Mitosis
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Cellular Energy

• Glycolysis breakdown
• of glucose into pyruvic acid
• (pyruvate)

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Which process in eukaryotic cells will normally
proceed whether O2 is present or absent? A) the
Krebs cycle B) oxidative phosphorylation C)
glycolysis D) fermentation E) electron
transport
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Ethyl Alcohol Fermentation
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Lactic Acid Fermentation
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Aerobic Respiration Krebs Cycle
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All of the following are functions of the Krebs
cycle except A) production of NADH. B)
production of FADH2. C) adding electrons and
protons to oxygen to form water. D) production
of ATP. E) release of carbon dioxide.
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Electron Transport Chain
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Chemiosmosis
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Photosynthesis
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Light Reactions
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Light Independent Reactions
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Types of Photosynthesis

• C3 plants most common
• C4 plants more efficient faster growing
  plants can store excess carbon in BUNDLE SHEATH
  CELLS
• CAM plants desert plants must keep their
  stomata shut during the day or they will dessicate