Chapter 23: Global Challenges

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Chapter 23Global Challenges

• Section1 World War I
• Section2 World War II
• Section 3 Toward the Present

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Section 1World War I

• World War I, fought from 1914 to 1918, caused
  terrible destruction and changed Europe forever.
• Fighting Broke out in the summer of 1914 in
  Europe.

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Spark of War

• There was tension between Serbia and
  Austria-Hungary over territory.
• A Serbian Nationalist assassinated the
  Austria-Hungary Archduke Francis Ferdinand and
  his wife sparked the beginning of World War I.
• Seeking revenge, Austria-Hungary declared war on
  Serbia.
• An alliance system immediately split Europe into
  two warring sides.

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World War I Alliances
Central Powers Triple Alliance
Allied Powers Triple Entente

• Austria-Hungary
• Germany
• Italy

• Great Britain
• France
• Russia
• _______________
• U.S.

In time, countries from around the globe joined
in the fight, but some remained neutral.
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World War I

• The Germans struck the first blow by sending a
  large army to Belgium and France.
• However, the French and British troops stopped
  the Germans near Paris.
• Trench Warfare
• Trenches and Machine Guns
• Bloody deadlock
• Millions of lives lost
• Lasted over 3 years

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A Turn in the War

• Germans decide to use a new weapon (submarine) to
  stop the English from receiving food and
  supplies.
• The United States had warned Germany not to
  attack unarmed ships however, Germany ignored
  these warnings.
• In April 1917, the United States joined the
  Allied Powers.

• The Russians were exhausted and pulled out of the
  war.
• Germans tried a new attack on France but the U.S.
  pushed them out of France.
• By 1918, the Germans had suffered serious defeats
  and by November, the Central Powers had
  collapsed.
• The Allies pick up the win in WWI.

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The Result of World War ITreaty of Versailles

• Leaders of the Allies met in Versailles
• U.S. President Woodrow Wilson proposed a plan
• League of Nations
• Redrew the Map of Europe
• Took lands from Russia, Germany, broke up Austria
  Hungary and the Ottoman Empire
• Forced Germany to accept blame for starting the
  war

• Reaction to Treaty
• Germans had to give up land, reduce the size of
  its army, give up its colonies, and pay for the
  war damages.
• Germans thought the terms of the treaty was too
  harsh.
• Some countries resented losing lands.
• All nationalities did not get their own nations.
• This treaty ending up leading to further conflict
  instead of peace.

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Russian Revolution

• After WWI, a revolution starts in Russia. People
  turned against the government.
• Czar Nicholas II was forced to give up power.
• The Bolshevik leader, Vladimir Lenin built
  support and overthrew the new government.
• Lenin created the worlds first Communist State,
  the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or the
  Soviet Union or USSR.

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Section 2World War II

• Another Global Conflict takes place, World War
  II, lasted from 1939 to 1945.
• World War II, the most destructive conflict in
  history.
• World War II begins in Europe in 1939.

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Spark of War

• Bitter about the Treaty of Versailles, Hitler
  aimed to take revenge for Germanys loss by
  expanding German territory.
• Germany attacked Poland in 1939.
• In response, Great Britain and France (Allies),
  declared war on Germany.
• Germany, Italy, and Japan (Axis) joined Forces.

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World War II Alliances
Axis Powers
Allied Powers

• Germany
• Italy
• Japan

• Great Britain
• France
• ____________
• Russia
• U.S.

In time, countries from around the globe joined
in the fight, but some remained neutral.
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A New Kind of War

• New Machines
• Tanks, trucks
• Bombers
• Germany used these new machines to quickly defeat
  Poland in a blitzkrieg.
• Hitlers forces soon overran other European
  countries too
• France fell in 1940
• British forces held off the Germans
• Germany attacks the Soviet Union. After brutal
  loses, the Soviet Union force Germany to retreat.

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A Turn in the War

• On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the U.S. Navy
  at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.
• Under President Franklin Roosevelt, the U.S.
  joined the Allies.
• Battles continued for two and a half years in
  Europe, N. Africa, the Middle East, and the South
  Pacific Ocean.

• In June 1944, the U.S. and British troops landed
  in France and pushed into Germany.
• The Russians attack Germany from the East.
• Surrounded, the Germans surrender in May 1945.
• U.S. used atomic bombs in 2 Japanese cities in
  June 1945.
• Hiroshima
• Nagasaki
• Japan surrendered. The war was over. The Allies
  win WWII.

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Results of the War

• Casualties
• 34 million soldiers injured
• 22 million soldiers dead
• 30 million civilians dead
• The Holocaust
• Nazi effort to wipe out the Jews in a Genocide
• Special camps
• 6 million Jews died
• Millions of others were targeted as well Slavs,
  Gypsies and people with disabilities
• Anne Frank
• The war had weakened economies and governments of
  many nations
• The U.S. and the Soviet Union emerged as the
  worlds strongest powers

• The Cold War
• Once allies became enemies
• Period of tension between the superpowers but no
  direct fighting
• Arms race
• S.U. set up communism in Eastern Europe and the
  U.S. helped democratic states in Western Europe
• Extended into Asia
• Korea was divided North (S.U set up communism)
  and South (U.S. took control)
• Mao Zedong formed a communist government in China.

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Section 3Toward the Present Day

• Because Europe had been weakened so much by WWII,
  they were unable to hold on to their overseas
  empires from Imperialism.

• Asia
• India was seen as a crowned jewel to Great
  Britain.
• Mohandas Gandhi led an independence movement in
  India.
• India and Pakistan

• Asia
• Vietnamese freed themselves from France in 1954
• Indonesia won in1949 from the Dutch
• Middle East
• 1948 Jewish state of Israel is created
• Though Arabs resented this, Israel defeated them

• Africa
• Ghana won independence in 1957 from G.B.
• Morocco and Tunisia in 1956 from France
• European countries (Italy, Belgium, and Portugal)
  lost their colonies in Africa by 1981.

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Cold War

• During the Cold War, some countries in Africa
  sided with the U.S., others sided with the S.U.
  Some remained neutral.
• The Cold War divided the world over ideologies
  capitalism vs. communism.
• Berlin (Germanys Capital) became a source of
  tension and divided. East (S.U) and the West
  (U.S.).
• The Berlin Wall was built by the Soviets which
  became a symbol of the Cold War

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The Cold War

• Korean War In 1950, N. Korea invaded S. Korea
• China helped N. Korea and the United Nations
  helped S. Korea.
• After 3 years of fighting, the war ended with no
  winner. Korea remained divided.
• Vietnam War In 1957, Communists try to overthrow
  the south, but U.S. intervene.
• Communist prevailed and Vietnam united as a
  communist nation.

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The Cold War

• Soviet troops crushed democratic movements in
  Hungary and Czechoslovakia. In 1979 when Soviets
  invaded Afghanistan, Afghan rebels aided the U.S.
  in defeating the Soviets (1989).
• Ronald Reagan (1980s) expanded U.S. military and
  weapon, but the S.U. could not keep up.
• Mikhail Gorbachev (Soviet leader) created reforms
  that toppled many communist states.
• Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Eastern Germany,
  Hungary, Poland, and Romania collapse
• The Berlin War was torn down and united as a
  democratic nation in 1980.
• In 1991 the Soviet Union broke into 15
  independent countries.
• Japan embraced democracy (still a democracy
  today)
• But China has remained Communist, but have opened
  their markets to the West

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World Wide Terrorism

• What is terrorism?
• Shootings, bombings, kidnappings, and hijackings
• Though terrorism has been practiced for thousands
  of years, attacks became more common and deadly
  in the 1900s.
• Early example is the IRA (Ireland Republican
  Army)
• The British finally granted N. Ireland self
  government in 1998
• The IRA recently disarmed in 2005

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A New Kind of War

• Terrorism against Americans increased in the
  1990s.
• Osama bin Laden (Muslim extremist used al Qaeda)
• 1993 bombed World Trade Center in NYC, killing 6
  and injuring 1,000
• Deadliest terrorist attacks in history occurred
  on September 11, 2001 (4 hijacked planes). More
  than 3,000 people died in the attacks.
• U.S. President George W. Bush responded by
  declaring war on terrorism

• Saddam Hussein was another threat to Americans.
  2003 U.S. invaded Iraq and removed Hussein from
  power.
• In 2005, after years of fighting, Iraq is slowly
  rebuilding.
• Leaders from around the world are working
  together to combat this problem.

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The Global Economy

• Its a small world.
• New forms of communication bringing people closer
  together
• Exchanging of goods and services
• Depend on each other for the well-being of the
  planet
• In the global economy, nations around the world
  are linked in a single economic network.
• New trade agreements
• World Population reached 6 Billion in 2000
• Problems
• Protecting the environment
• Pollution
• Rain Forests
• Overgrazing

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Successes of our Global Economy

• Successes
• Space
• S.U. 1st space satellite
• 2 Americans walk on moon
• Technology
• Portable radios
• Digital watches
• Computer speed and shrinking size
• Medicine
• Antibiotics
• Structure of DNA
• Repair unhealthy tissue