Changes in Georgia and America 1945-1963

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Changes in Georgia and America 1945-1963
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Postwar America

• The U.S. and Georgia prosper and change in the
  years following World War II, but the nation
  faces several international crises.

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Terms Section 1

• G.I. Bill
• Baby boomer
• Suburb
• Flannery OConner
• Carson McCullers

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Postwar America

• The G.I. Bill-Servicemans Readjustment Act of
  1944
• provides mortgage, business assistance free
• education to veterans
• 12 million soldiers returning from the War in
  June 1945
• 320,000 of those soldiers are from Georgia
• These soldiers are returning to civilian life
• Eight millions attend school under the G.I. Bill

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Postwar America

• Because of the returning soldiers, there is a
  sudden rise in the American population.
• Baby Boom Jump in birthrate
• Children Born between 1946-1964 were know as baby
  boomers.
• This sudden rise in population creates a need for
  schools and teachers.
• Congress fears that the Soviet Union (Russia) has
  an advantage over the America Schools
• Fund better Math and Science programs

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Postwar America

• Population suburbs increase in the 1950s due to
  the G.I. Bill
• Minorities cannot afford the Suburban houses and
  owners will not sell to those that can afford the
  houses
• Creates segregation in the community

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Popular Cullture in in the 1950s

• Teenagers reject the music of their parents
• Rock-n-Roll and Jazz become very popular with the
  youth of America
• Ray Charles, Gladys Knight, Little Richard, James
  Brown, others
• Womens role in the 1950s were to stay at home to
  take care of the family
• Women begin to attend college
• Women want long-term careers

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Popular Culture in America

• Flannery OConnor perhaps best-known Georgia
  writer
• born in Savannah writes two novels, 31 short
  stories
• Carson McCullers writes The Heart is a Lonely
  Hunter at 23
• style called Southern Gothicset in South, full
  of tragedy, danger

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Cold War America

• Cold War
• Nuclear Arms Race
• Iron Curtain
• Containment
• Joseph R. McCarthy
• Cuban Missile Crisis

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Cold War America

• The belief that communism is a threat after World
  War II.
• Cold War- Hostile relations between the U.S. and
  communist countries such as the Soviet Union.
• the Soviet Union detonates an atomic weapon
• Nuclear Arms Race U.S., Soviet Unions
  competition for atomic weapons.
• Civil defense against the atomic bomb becomes an
  exercise.
• Schools teach the nuclear explosion drill.
• Fallout shelters are built for protection.

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Cold War America

• Postwar Japan
• U.S. Rebuilds Japan to be a Democracy
• Japanese learn the industrial ways of the U.S.
• Industry explodes in Japan
• Postwar Germany
• Allied Powers are in control of Germany
• Soviet Union wants to establish power.
• Creates an Iron Curtain- cutting the
  communicational lines to the Allied Powers of
  U.S., Britain and France
• Tries to control nearby countries

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Cold War America

• Marshall Plan
• Allied powers believe that the WWII started
  because of the Great Depression.
• Believed that they must rebuild Europes economy
• Soviet Union refuses to help rebuild.
• Cuts off the western portion of Berlin
• U.S. can not send aid to help.

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Cold War America

• United States and 11 other countries from NATO to
  stop the spread of Communism.
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization
• Formed in case of a Soviet Union Invasion
• The purpose is to stop the spread of communism to
  other countries.
• Containment- Stopping the spread of communism
• Soviet Union counters NATO by signing the Warsaw
  Pact in 1955.
• Pact between the communist countries
• Dissolves in 1991

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Cold War

• Threat of Communism is a fear in America
• Joseph R. McCarthy- Senator from Wisconsin that
  accused people of being communist
• Many of these peoples careers were ruined by
  McCarthy.
• Public turns against the senator which ends his
  career.

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Cold War America

• Communist leader comes to power in China.
• Mao Tse Tung U.S. fears the spread of communism
• Korean Conflict
• North Korea invades South Korea
• United States sends troops to stop the invasion
• China aids the North Korean interest.
• Neither side wins the conflict after three years
  of fighting
• A ceasefire was signed
• Established a new border between the Koreas

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John F. Kennedy

• Election of 1960
• Kennedy runs on the platform of a New Frontier
• Kennedy wants to focus on the social problems in
  the United States.
• The Cold War will not allow him to focus on his
  promise.

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John F. Kennedy

• Bay of Pigs- Fidel Castro takes over Cuba
• Kennedy supports a group of Cubans trying to over
  throw Castro
• Castro captures the anti-Castro forces at the Bay
  of Pigs
• The Berlin Wall
• Soviet Union concerned by the people leaving East
  Berlin for West Berlin
• Built the wall in 1961 to separate East and West
  Berlin.

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John F. Kennedy

• Cuban Missile Crisis
• United States detection of communist missiles in
  Cuba.
• Diplomacy problem for Kennedy
• Blocks the Soviet Union access to Cuba and
  demands that they remove the missiles from Cuba.
• The U.S. and Soviet Union on the brink of nuclear
  war.

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John F. Kennedy

• Vietnam
• North Vietnamese communist leader Ho Chi Minh is
  considered a threat to the South Vietnam
  democracy
• United States sends money, supplies, and military
  advisors to South Vietnam.

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Civil Rights

• 1954- the U.S. Supreme court rules on Brown v.
  Board of Education
• Separate is unconstitutional
• 1957- Little Rock, AK, nine African American
  students were to be integrated into Central High
  School
• Govern used National Guard to keep the students
  out of the school
• President Eisenhower ordered the 101st Airborne
  to protect the students
• Lester Maddox promise that segregation will not
  happen as long as he is in office.
• Many Caucasians worked with African Americans to
  help segregate society.

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John F. Kennedy

• November 22, 1963, Kennedy is assassinated while
  riding in the streets of Dallas, TX.
• The death was a shock to the nation
• Kennedy brought a new era to society
• One filled with confidence, hope, and a
  commitment to change.
• Ask not what your country can do for you, ask
  what you can do for your country.

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Section 1 Quiz

1. The ______ gave returning soldiers the
   opportunity to go to school and buy low cost
   homes.
2. Children born between 1946-1964 were known as
   ________.
3. The Cold War was a time of hostilities between
   ________ and __________.
4. As a result of the hostilities during the Cold
   War, there was a competition to build atomic
   bombs known as _______ ______ _________.
5. NATO was formed to stop the spread of communism
   better known as __________.

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• 6. The court ruling in this case proved that
  separate is not equal making segregation illegal
  in schools. What is the court case?
• Senator ___________ accused many people of
  communist beliefs during the 1950s eventually
  ruining their careers.
• Name the two woman authors from Georgia.
• President Kennedy had to deal with this intense
  situation during the 1960s in which the world was
  a heartbeat away from nuclear war.
• The Soviet Union cutoff ties to nations of
  democracy using the technique known as
  ___________

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Section 3 Terms

• Operation Dixie
• Lake Sidney Lanier
• Board of Regents controversy
• Helen Douglas Mankin
• Three Governors Controversy
• Carl Sanders
• Richard B. Russell, Jr.
• Carl Vinson

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Georgias Growing Economy

• Shifting Populations
• Many African American, white farmers move to
  cities from 1930s to 1960s
• Rural population falls, from 1.3 million in 1940
  to 228,000 by 1970
• Many people move to Georgia steady incline in
  population
• Defense industry and other businesses attract
  skilled workers.
• Public services become strained leading to the
  growth of suburbs.

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Georgias Growing Economy

• People are earning more than ever before in
  Georgia.
• Factory workers and farmers are still making
  below national average.
• Public Service 33 of workforce
• One third of new factory jobs are in the metro
  Atlanta area.
• Savannah becomes one of the U.S. largest port
  cities.
• Military Bases provide jobs as well.

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Georgias Growing Economy

• Labor Unions
• Auto assembly lines, textile factories remain
  important industries
• Congress of Industrial Organization (CIO) attempt
  to organize factories for better working
  conditions
• Operation Dixie- attempt to set labor unions in
  the south
• Met intimidation by the factory management.

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Georgias Growing Economy

• Change in agriculture
• Prosperity ends for Georgia farmers and
  Sharecroppers
• Sharecroppers are pushed off the land
• Rely on Tractors to till the soil and harvest
• Livestock becomes an important industry
• Poultry is the now the leading farm industry
• Improved transportation and new markets make
  dairy farming profitable.

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Changes in Agriculture

• Improvements in agriculture change how things are
  grow
• Pesticides, new strains, and better organization
• Small farms are sold
• Agriculture become less important
• 10 is used to grow cotton
• Crop diversity such as the growth peanuts,
  poultry, livestock, peanuts, tobacco, soybeans
  are dominant by 1980

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Urban Change

• Atlanta becomes the hub of the south
• MARTA becomes a large part of transportation
• The growth of the city creates a need for war.
• Dam the Chattahoochee River creating Lake Sidney
  Lanier

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Political Changes in Georgia

• The Board of Regents controversy cost the
  University of Georgia their accreditation
• Two teachers were promoting integration
• Talmadge is elected in 1941, plans to change to
  the idea of integration.
• Fires members from the Board of Regents to place
  his men to fire the teachers.
• Ellis Arnall defeats Talmadge in 1942
• Reduces the power that the governor came have on
  in the state.
• Abolishes Chain gangs and lowers voting ages.

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Political Changes in Georgia

• William Berry Hartsfield
• William B. Hartsfield becomes Atlantas mayor,
  193740, 194262
• convinces whites, African-Americans to work
  together for progress
• Atlanta grows in population, size is known for
  doing business
• While councilman in 1920s, Hartsfield starts
  Atlantas airport
• supports Atlantas zoo reforms police, fire
  departments

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Political Changes in Georgia

• Helen Douglas Mankin becomes first Georgia woman
  in Congress, 1947
• 1946 Governors Race
• Eugene Talmadge runs again in 1946 on white
  supremacy platform
• Talmadge wins election but dies before taking
  office
• resulting confusion known as three governors
  controversy
• Herman Talmadge, Ellis Arnall, M.E. Thompson
• Court rules for Thompson to hold office until
  special election
• Herman wins in 1948 and serves two terms

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Political changes in Georgia

• County Unit System is ruled unconstitutional by
  the federal court.
• The rural community has too much control over
  politics keeping the state segregated
• Carl Sanders is elected in 1962 vows to change
  the states image
• Richard Russell, Jr. serves as State senator from
  1933-1971
• Supports the New Deal at firsts, as the
  depression continues changes his mind.
• Carl Vinson is elected to congress at the age of
  30 being the youngest of that time.
• Supports military expansion, builds two-ocean
  navy.