Your Study Guides

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Your Study Guides

• Your lecture notes
• Powerpoints
• Exams and quizzes
• Worksheets and video hand-outs
• Your diet analyses
• Text book

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Final Review

• This review does not cover the last few subjects,
  so don't forget those
• Global Nutrition Oral Rehydration solutions,
  Vitamin A Iodine
• Pregnancy, breastfeeding and infancy
• Alcohol
• Food safety
• Food allergies

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Calories Energy

• A calorie is ???
• What food substances supply fuel for the body
  (energy)? ______
• And one more ____________
• Calories per gram of each of above?

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Energy Processing

• When I take my daily vitamin pill, I feel more
  energetic. Why?
• Vitamins, minerals, and water are chemicals
  needed for conversion of carbohydrates, proteins,
  and fats into energy 

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Essential Nutrients

• What are essential nutrients?
• The amount of nutrients needed is different for
  different people. Who is apt to need more
  nutrients?

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Nutrient Needs

• Nutrient amounts needed also vary among people
  based on the presence of conditions such
  asPregnancy Breastfeeding Illnesses Drug
  use
• Environment

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Table 1-1, p. 11
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Malnutrition

• Poor diets affect the intake level of more than
  one nutrient and produce a spectrum of signs and
  symptoms related to multiple nutrient
  deficiencies
• Malnutrition results from both inadequate and
  excessive availability of calories and nutrients
  in the body
• Malnutrition results from poor diets and diseases
  that interfere with the bodys ability to use the
  nutrients consumed

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Fig. 1-11, p. 18
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Nutrient Density

• Foods that provide multiple nutrients in
  appreciable amounts relative to calories are
  considered nutrient-dense
• Foods that provide calories and low amounts of
  nutrients are called empty-calorie foods
• It is easier to build an adequate diet around
  nutrient-dense foods than around empty calorie
  foods

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This illustrates the proportionate influence of
different factors on health and longevity
Fig. 2-1, p. 3
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Today dietary excesses are the problem in the US

• Slow-developing diseases are called ???
• Majority of Americans die from
• ___________ _____________
• These account for 52 of all deaths
• Diets high in saturated fat and low in vitamins,
  vegetables and fruits are linked to
• ____________________________
• Most common nutritional disorder in the US is ??

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Obesity

• Obesity is the most common nutritional disorder
  in the U.S.
• Two-thirds of adults are overweight or obese, and
  one in six children is overweight
• Excess fat increases the likelihood of diabetes,
  heart disease, hypertension, and certain types of
  cancer

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Table 2-2, p. 7
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Harvard Healthy Eating Pyramid

• (do review all pyramids)

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Nutrition Information

• T/F ? Publicity in media is always true
• Opinions are protected by Freedom of Speech
• Illegal to put false or misleading information
  about a product on a product label, in a product
  insert, or in an advertisement
• But Enforcement is _________

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Methods of Science

• Specific methods employed vary depending on the
  type of research
• Scientific studies are carefully planned
• First process is stating question
• Question transformed to explicit hypothesis
• Hypothesis is then proved or disproved by the
  research

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What Type of Research Design Should Be Used?

• Epidemiological studies identify conditions and
  specific health events
• Clinical trials test the effects of a treatment
  or intervention
• Clinical trials require an experimental group
  compared to a control group
• A double-blind procedure eliminates bias
• Placebo effect is __________??

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Science and Nutrition

• Science is based on facts and evidence
• Grounding ethic of scientists is that facts and
  evidence are more sacred than any other
  consideration
• These characteristics of science and scientists
  are strong assets for the job of identifying
  truths
• Nonetheless, scientists are only human

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Personal Decisions

• Imperfect as they are, only scientific studies
  produce information about nutrition you can count
  on
• Look for studies that are repeated by other
  scientists, with similar results
• Evidence is the best ingredient for
  decision-making about nutrition and your health

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Nutrition Labeling

• Misleading messages led to nutrition labeling
  laws
• Consumers wanted content information
• 1990 Nutrition Labeling and Education Act
• By 1993 rules for nutrition labeling were
  published
• Implementation and revisions of standards are
  ongoing

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Food Labels

• Nutrition Facts panel provides details of
  nutrient content and ingredients in food inside
• Simplifies comparison of similar foods

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Whats on Your Label?

• Nutrition Facts panel
• What is the serving size?
• How many servings per package?
• Trans fat?
• Nutrition claim?
• Health claim?
• Ingredient label
• Fortified or enriched ingredients?
• Allergenic ingredients? Food additives?

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Diet Affects Mental Performance World

• ? Deficiency of protein, calories in infancy
  and early childhood
• Deficiencies of iron and iodine during fetal
  development, infancy and early childhood
• Fetal alcohol exposure
• Minerals iodine and mercury

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Children in United States

• Common dietary events that impair learning
• breakfast skipping
• fetal exposure to alcohol
• iron deficiency

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Is Knowledge Alone Enough to guarantee a good
diet?

• What are barriers to a good diet for Americans?
• Why will someone decide to change their diet?
• What actions can they take to make a change most
  likely to succeed?
• Do people sometimes, through lack of knowledge,
  make the wrong changes?

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Key Concepts and Facts

• Healthy diets are characterized by adequacy and
  balance
• There are many types of healthy diets, including
  vegetarian and flexitarian
• The Dietary Guidelines for Americans as well as
  food guides from other countries Harvard
  University provide foundation information for
  healthy diets

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Fig. 6-8, p. 13
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Digestion basic for nutrition
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From the Liver Bile

• Fluid containing water, electrolytes and many
  organic molecules including bile acids,
  cholesterol, phospholipids and bilirubin
• Bile acids, needed for digestion and absorption
  of fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the small
  intestine.
• Many waste products are eliminated from the body
  by secretion into bile and elimination in feces.
  Remember, cholesterol is excreted this way with
  the help of Vitamin C in the liver fiber in the
  digestive tract.

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PolysaccharidesStarch, cellulose
glycogenconsist of linked glucose molecules
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Lactose IntoleranceNormal

• Caused by ________________?
• Usually begins after age ?? (natural weaning
  age)
• Lactose in the large intestine symptoms of
  lactose intolerance.
• Bloated feeling and diarrhea due to fluid
  accumulation
• Gas and abdominal cramping
• Solution Lactaid tablets or Lactose-free dairy
  products
• Usually yogurt, cheese and buttermilk okay
• Or substitute calcium-fortified juice or soy milk

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Table 8-1, p. 3
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Table 8-2, p. 4
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Fig. 8-7, p. 9
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Fig. 9-1, p. 3
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Fig. 9-5, p. 6
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The Carbohydrates

• Simple sugars are small molecules
• Two types monosaccharides and disaccharides
• Monosaccharides
• Glucose (blood sugar or dextrose)
• Fructose (fruit sugar)
• Galactose
• Disaccharides consist of two linked molecules
• Glucose and a fructose make sucrose (or table
  sugar)
• Glucose and a galactose make lactose (milk
  sugar)

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Simple Sugar Facts

• Disaccharides are broken into monosaccharides
  during digestion
• Only glucose, fructose, and galactose are
  absorbed into bloodstream
• High-fructose corn syrup and alcohol sugars are
  also simple sugars
• Most simple sugars have a sweet taste

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Carbohydrates Glucose

• The body uses glucose for energy
• Fructose and galactose converted to glucose
• The liver and muscles store glucose as the
  polymer _______?
• _________ is chains of linked glucose units
• Whats so bad about Sugar? ???

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Whats So Bad about Sugar?

• Foods with simple sugars are poor sources of
  nutrients
• Simple sugars provide only calories
• Many foods high in sugars are also high in
  ____???
• Likelihood diets will be insufficient in vitamins
  and minerals increases with sugar intake
• Sweets causes tooth decay

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Protein

• Integral structural component of muscle, bone,
  connective tissues, organs, red blood cells and
  hemoglobin, hair, and fingernails
• Basic substance that makes up digestive and other
  enzymes in the human body
• Major component of hormones such as insulin
• Protein also serves as an energy source

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Collagen

• The principal protein of skin, bones, teeth,
  cartilage, tendons, blood vessels, heart valves,
  inter vertebral discs, cornea and eye lens
• Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is required for the
  maintenance of collagen

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Protein Dynamics

• A 154-pound man has 24 lbs of protein
• All protein is broken down and re-built
• Protein turnover uses 9 oz each day
• We only consume 2-3 oz per day
• Most protein is recycled from protein substances
  being turned over
• Proteins play key roles in repair of tissues and
  replacing tissue proteins damaged by illness or
  injury

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High Protein Intakes

• Generally accompanied by high-fat and low-fiber
  intakes
• Foods high in protein (hamburger, cheese, eggs)
  are often high in fat and contain little or no
  fiber
• Even lean meats provide a large part of their
  total calories as fat

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Amino Acids

• The building blocks of protein are amino acids
• Protein in food is broken down by digestive
  enzymes and absorbed into the bloodstream as
  amino acids
• 20 common amino acids form proteins when linked
  together
• Protein in the body is a unique combination of
  amino acids linked together in chains
• DNA is genetic material that directs protein
  synthesis and organizes amino acids into chains

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Essential Amino Acids

• Nine of the 20 common amino acids are considered
  essential
• 11 are nonessential
• All 20 are required to build and maintain protein
  tissues
• Body cannot produce essential amino acids, so
  they must be provided by the diet
• Food proteins contain essential and nonessential
  amino acids

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Proteins Differ in Quality

• How proteins support tissue construction is
  protein quality
• High quality have a balance of essential amino
  acids to support tissue needs
• If essential amino acids are missing, proteins
  can not be built
• When required level of essential amino acid is
  lacking, remaining amino acids are used for
  energy

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Complete Proteins

• What do we mean by complete proteins?
• Plant proteins are incomplete except for soy
• Vegetarians complement essential amino acid
  composition of plant protein by combining them to
  form complete protein through the day.

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Amino Acid Supplements

• Amino acids are natural, so people think theyre
  harmless
• But high intakes of amino acids can harm health
• High amounts disrupt protein synthesis by causing
  a surplus of some amino acids and a deficit of
  others

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Amino Acid Supplements Can

• cause loss of appetite, diarrhea, and
  gastrointestinal upsets
• increase the workload of the liver and kidneys
• Increase risk of dehydration
• Neither Amino Acid Supplements nor Protein
  Supplements help build muscles.

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Too Little Protein

• Protein deficiency usually occurs with deficiency
  of calories and other nutrients
• Protein foods also contain iron, zinc, vitamin
  B12, niacin
• Body protein will be used for energy during
  starvation
• Body will take protein from liver, intestines,
  heart, muscles, other organs and tissues
• Loss of 30 of body protein yields reduced body
  strength for breathing, susceptibility to
  infection, abnormal organ functions, and death

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Marasmus

• Protein deficiency and lack of calories cause
  marasmus, or protein-energy malnutrition
• Frequent where hunger and famine are common
• Occurs among people with anorexia nervosa and
  diseases such as cancer and AIDS
• Individuals with marasmus look starved
• They have little body fat
• Must utilize protein from muscles, liver, and
  tissues as an energy source

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Marasmus, Protein- calorie Malnutrition
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Marasmus

• Children are apathetic, highly susceptible to
  infection, have dry skin and brittle hair, and
  skin and bones appearance
• Use of the fat pads in the cheeks (last fat used
  for energy during starvation) gives children with
  marasmus appearance of an old person
• Accompanied by vitamin and mineral deficiencies
• Conditions are complicated by infection,
  diarrhea, and dehydration

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Trends

• 2/3 of U.S. protein comes from ?? products
• Wealth leads to ??? protein increase
• Increased consumption of fat, too
• Rates of heart disease and some cancers increase
• Adequate dietary intakes without excess fat have
  beans and grains mixed with lean meats and
  low-fat dairy products

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The USA Leads the Way

• 2/3 of U.S. protein comes from ?? products
• Wealth leads to ??? protein increase
• Increased consumption of fat, too
• Rates of heart disease and some cancers increase
• Adequate dietary intakes without excess fat have
  beans and grains mixed with lean meats and
  low-fat dairy products

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Top Ten Causes of Death in US
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Minerals

• Calcium
• 99 of the 3 lbs of calcium in the body is
  located in bones and teeth
• 1 is found in blood and other body fluids, where
  it has many important roles
• What disease does Calcium prevent?

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Bone Formation

• Bones develop and mineralize throughout the first
  3 decades of life
• This requires calcium and vitamin D
• Every day, cells called ????? break bone down
• Cells called ??????? repair damage by forming
  new, healthy bone.
• Called remodeling

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Remodeling Bones

• During remodeling old protein matrix is replaced
  and remineralized
• Total bone replacement every 10 years
• Up until early or mid-30s, osteoblasts make more
  bone than is lost
• ???? bone density reached between age 30-40

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Bone Remodeling

• After that, bone mineral content no longer
  increases
• The higher the peak bone mass, the less likely it
  is that osteoporosis will develop
• After age 50, bones tend to demineralize as
  osteoclasts outperform osteoblasts
• Insufficient calcium is one cause of

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Osteoporosis

• 1.5 million suffer broken bones each year due to
  the disease
• 300,000 hip fractures/year with a 20 death rate
  within one year
• Require hip replacement
• What is treatment for Osteoporosis?

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Osteoporosis Treatment

• Calcium supplements or intakes to 1000-1500
  milligrams per day
• Vitamin D supplements (800 IU)
• Other medications (phosphomax, etc)
• Weight-bearing exercise (walking, tennis)
  stimulates bone growth and decreases progression
  of osteoporosis

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Iron

• Most iron is found in hemoglobin
• Hundreds of hemoglobin molecules are in each red
  blood cell
• Blood cells are made in the ?????
• Small amounts of iron are present in myoglobin in
  other cells

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Iron Deficiency

• 1/3 of people in world are iron deficient
• Enormous loss of human potential and productivity
• Iron deficiency affects which people? with high
  need and low consumption
• What are symptoms?

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Iron-deficiency anemia

• Develops with additional symptoms
• People with iron-deficiency anemia
• look pale
• are easily exhausted
• have rapid heart rates
• Iron-deficiency anemia is problem for infants and
  young children
• It is related to lasting retardation in mental
  development

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Blood Pressure Sodium

• Hypertension is a major public health problem in
  U.S. and other countries
• Presence of hypertension increases the risk that
  a person will develop heart disease or kidney
  failure or will experience a heart attack or
  stroke
• Hypertension occurs in what fraction? of U.S.
  adults and more than 26 of adults worldwide
• How is it treated?

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How Is Hypertension Treated?

• Treatment of hypertension includes dietary and
  lifestyle changes, and medications
• Weight loss, smoking cessation, the DASH diet
• (Dietary Approaches to Treating Hypertension)
• Low Sodium Diet, regular exercise
• moderate alcohol consumption
• DASH diet more successful than low sodium diet in
  lowering blood pressure levels back into normal
  range
• Together, they work synergistically.

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IN THE UNITED STATES

• Half the people who have hypertension dont know
  it
• Half of those who know it, arent getting
  treatment
• Half of those getting treatment, arent treated
  adequately to control BP
• Many unnecessary strokes, heart attacks, and
  early deaths

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The End
The End