THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES

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• THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES
• ON ABNORMALITY
• COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOURAL AND EXISTENTIAL-HUMANISTIC
• LECTURE OUTLINE
• Behavioural theories
• Cognitive theories
• Cognitive-behavioural theories
• Existential-humanistic theories

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BEHAVIOURAL THEORIES Classical conditioning
(Pavlov) US UR CS CR Operant
conditioning (Skinner) SD behaviour
Reinforcer
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• BEHAVIOURAL THEORIES
• Operant conditioning
• Reinforcement leads to an increase in the
  behaviour preceding the reinforcer
• positive
• negative
• Punishment
• positive
• negative

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• BEHAVIOURAL THEORIES
• Classical conditioning can play a role in a
  variety of anxiety disorders
• Operant conditioning can play a role in
  numerous disorders
• Two-factor theory (Mowrer) both classical and
  operant interact to maintain anxiety problems
• Modeling (Bandura) can learn maladaptive or
  adaptive behaviours via observational learning

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• BEHAVIOURAL THEORIES
• Basic assumption of behavioural theories is that
  maladaptive behaviours are learned and can be
  unlearned, and that new, more adaptive behaviours
  can be learned
• Has been applied to a wide range of disorders
  and problems

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• BEHAVIOURAL THEORIES
• Treatments based on classical conditioning
• systematic desensitization - Wolpe
• aversive conditioning
• exposure, flooding

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• BEHAVIOURAL THEORIES
• Treatments based on operant conditioning
• behaviour shaping, coaching (teaching a new
  behaviour)
• token economy, contingency contracting, and
  other methods of positive reinforcement (used to
  strengthen adaptive behaviours)
• extinction and punishment (used to weaken
  maladaptive behaviours)
• stimulus control used to cue adaptive
  behaviours

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• COGNITIVE THEORIES
• Basic assumption of cognitive theories is that
  maladaptive behaviour results from irrational or
  distorted ways of thinking emphasis is on
  internal thought processes
• Like psychodynamic theories, cognitive theories
  have been employed mostly with people with
  anxiety and mood disorders
• Like behavioural theories, there is a strong
  research emphasis in cognitive theories

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• COGNITIVE THEORIES
• Albert Ellis psychological problems stem from
  irrational and catastrophic thinking
• Examples of irrational beliefs
• I must be loved and approved of all the time
• Things must always go right
• I must be competent at everything
• Life should always treat me fairly
• Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET) therapist
  challenges clients irrational belief

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COGNITIVE THEORIES Aaron Beck psychological
problems stem from distorted thinking based on
underlying cognitive schemata Cognitive schemata
ways of viewing self, world, past,
future Cognitive therapy - therapist challenges
clients distorted thinking through a process of
checking beliefs against reality
evidence-gathering approach
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• COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOURAL THEORIES
• Over the past 20 years, the cognitive and
  behavioural theories have become more
  inter-connected, emphasizing both behaviour and
  thinking
• Bandura social learning theory
• self-control
• self-efficacy
• Cognitive-behavioural therapy is becoming the
  dominant paradigm in clinical psychology

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• AND COGNITIVE- BEHAVIOURAL TREATMENTS
• Problem-solving training DZurilla Goldfried
• Self-instructional training - Meichenbaum
• Cognitive-behavioural therapy is becoming the
  dominant paradigm in clinical psychology

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• SUMMARY OF BEHAVIOURAL AND COGNITIVE THEORIES AND
  TREATMENTS
• emphasis on behaviour and cognitive processes
• more active, directive therapeutic approach than
  most psychodynamic approaches
• more research-oriented and results-oriented
  approach than most psychodynamic approaches

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• EXISTENTIAL-HUMANISTIC THEORIES
• Roots German and French phenomenology, focus
  on experiencing and emotion
• Third force as an alternative to psychodynamic
  and behavioural theories
• With the exception of Rogers, not as rooted in
  research as behavioural and cognitive theories

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• EXISTENTIAL-HUMANISTIC THEORIES
• Core concepts
• Freedom
• Phenomenology
• Self-actualization
• Being and authenticity
• Holism
• Willing and wishing Rollo May

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EXISTENTIAL-HUMANISTIC THEORIES Carl Rogers
Theory of Psychopathology Lack of unconditional
positive regard Lack of unconditional positive
self-regard (low self-esteem) Incongruence
between self and experience Anxiety,
defensiveness, distortion
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EXISTENTIAL-HUMANISTIC THEORIES Carl Rogers
Theory of Client-centered Therapy Therapist
provides unconditional positive
regard Unconditional positive self-regard
(self-acceptance or high self-esteem) Congruence
between self and experience Authenticity,
openness, psychological health
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• EXISTENTIAL-HUMANISTIC THEORIES
• Core qualities of therapist for client-centered
  therapy
• Empathy
• Warmth (unconditional positive regard)
• Genuineness - authenticity

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• EXISTENTIAL-HUMANISTIC THEORIES
• Core qualities of therapist for client-centered
  therapy
• quite a bit of research attesting to the
  importance of these therapist variables
• widespread application of these skills in
  psychology and counseling training programs
  active listening skills
• some would argue that these skills are important
  for all types of therapy (compare with
  psychodynamic notion of working alliance)

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• EXISTENTIAL-HUMANISTIC THEORIES
• Other important existential-humanistic theorists
  and therapists
• Maslow self-actualization and need hierarchy
• Jourard importance of self-disclosure for
  psychological health and for therapy
• existential Rollo May, Viktor Frankl
  logotherapy
• Fritz Perls Gestalt therapy emphasis on
  experience/emotion, empty chair technique

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• SUMMARY OF EXISTENTIAL-HUMANISTIC THEORIES AND
  TREATMENTS
• emphasis on experience and emotion
• emphasis on non-directive approaches to therapy
• less research-oriented than behavioural and
  cognitive approaches