Why is there Turmoil in the Modern Middle East?

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Why is there Turmoil in the Modern Middle East?
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Jerusalem

• Jews Abraham was prepared to sacrifice
  Isaac/Temples.
• Christians Jesus was crucified.
• Muslims Muhammad ascended into heaven Dome of
  the Rock.

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Christians v. Muslims

• The Crusades
• Pope Urban II launched the First Crusade in
  1095 to take back Jerusalem from the Muslims
  (Turks)
• Jerusalem was captured in 1099 and all the
  Muslims and Jews were slaughtered.
• YouTube - Crusades 1

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The Crusades

• Saladin recovers Jerusalem for the Muslims in
  1187. He spares the lives of all the Christians
  truce is declared
• Muslims allow Christian Pilgrims to travel to the
  Holy Land.
• Other Crusades were organized, but were never as
  large as the First Crusade.
• Turks become Protectors of the Faith in Islam.
• YouTube - Crusades 2

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Jewish Discrimination

• Removed from Jerusalem 2000 years ago by the
  Romans.
• Faced with discrimination
• Prohibited from certain jobs
• Tortured and killed for their beliefs

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Examples of Historical Discrimination

• Black Plague
• Expulsion from France and England
• Exodus from Spain in 1492
• Christ Killers Pontius Pilate frees Barabus
  not Jesus
• Jewish people are faced with discrimination
  everywhere they go

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Discrimination in the years leading up to World
War I (1914)

• Russian Pogroms (Devastation)
• Organized campaign to instill fear and cause harm
  to Jewish people.
• French Dreyfus Affair
• Jewish general falsely accused of sending secret
  documents to German embassy in Paris.
• Will be straightened out eventually, however,
  this event was used as propaganda against the
  Jewish people.

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Theodor Herzl

• Founder of Zionism
• Nationalism- every ethnic group deserves a home
• Will increase in popularity as anti-sentiment
  increases in time.

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Zionism

• The Jewish peoples desire to obtain a homeland.
• Balfour Declaration A letter from British
  government (James Balfour) to Walter Rothschild.

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Foreign Office,November 2nd, 1917.Dear Lord
Rothschild, I have much pleasure in conveying to
you, on behalf of His Majesty's Government, the
following declaration of sympathy with Jewish
Zionist aspirations which has been submitted to,
and approved by, the Cabinet"His Majesty's
Government view with favour the establishment in
Palestine of a national home for the Jewish
people, and will use their best endeavours to
facilitate the achievement of this object, it
being clearly understood that nothing shall be
done which may prejudice the civil and religious
rights of existing non-Jewish communities in
Palestine, or the rights and political status
enjoyed by Jews in any other country".I should
be grateful if you would bring this declaration
to the knowledge of the Zionist
Federation.Yours sincerelyArthur James Balfour

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Nazi Holocaust

• Hitleruses the Jewish people as a scapegoat for
  all the problems of the once great, fallen
  empire.

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Concentration Camps

• Three types of camps
• Concentration
• Labor
• Death

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Jewish People Killed under Nazi Rule
Original Population Killed under Nazis Surviving
Poland 3,300,000 2,800,000 15
Soviet Union 2,100,000 1,500,000 29
Hungary 404,000 200,000 49
Romania 850,000 425,000 50
Germany/ Austria 270,000 210,000 22
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Current Events
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Benjamin Netanyahu
vs.
Tzipi Livni
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Netanyahu

• Likud party- consolidation (unification)
• Campaign national security
• Likud party will never agree to the return of
  the pre-war 1967 borders
• Will not negotiate with terrorists
• Accusation against Livni of giving up Jerusalem

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Livni

• Kadima party forward
• Willing to possibly make concessions to
  Palestinians.
• Used to work for Mossad
• 1980s- Ran missions to kill Palestinian
  Terrorists.
• Terrorist Killer in the past possibly more
  willing to make concessions than the Lukid.

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Quote on Livni

• Tzipi was not an office girl She was a clever
  women with an IQ of 150. She blended in well in
  European capitals, working with male agents, most
  of them ex-commandos, taking out Arab
  terrorists.

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Questions?

• Why are these elections being held?
• Ehud Olmert resigns accused of corruption
• Under the presidency of Barack Obama, what would
  you infer is the current United States stand on
  the issue?
• Negotiate for peace with both political parties.
• The Kadima party is slightly more promising than
  the others
• Why do you think it is difficult for Middle
  Eastern leaders to make peace?
• Extremist groups dont want peace on BOTH sides
• Yitzhak Rabin assassinated in 1995 by one of his
  own for negotiating with PLOs Yasser Arafat.

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Cold War

• Why is the United States hesitant to directly
  support Israel against the Arab nations?
• USA with Israel --- Soviet Union with Arabs
• Hypothetical situation
• Add into the mix Nuclear Bomb
• Cold War was a very intimidating time for the US,
  USSR, and the entire world.

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Partitioning of Palestine

• After World War II ends in 1948, the British and
  United nations decide to divide Palestine into
  two regions
• UN General Assembly Resolution 181
• Provinces
• Jerusalem- an international city, where
• all could travel to freely
• Sound familiar?
• West Bank- Arab Territory
• Gaza Strip- Arab Territory
• Golan Heights- Arab Territory

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Israeli Conflicts

• War of 1948- Israel Created one day later
  attacked by six nations
• Egypt
• Jordan
• Lebanon
• Saudi Arabia
• Syria
• Iraq

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Israel defeats Six Nations

• HOW???
• Arab nations have trouble coordinating with one
  another. Dont listen to one another
• Israel supported financially (if not militarily)
  by many nations/ Golda Meir
• Infrastructure of Israel already exists
• Backed into a corner fighting for survival

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Israeli Conflicts

• 1956- Suez Crisis
• "Hospitality is one thing, surrendering the
  canal is another
• Gamal Abdel Nasser

• Originally controlled by British
• Taken over by Egypt
• In response, British will ask Israel to reclaim
  the canal.
• Israel easily invades and will seize control

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• Golan Heights- Syria
• Strategic for military purpose
• Control of water ways
• (Jordan River)

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War of 1948
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Nasser continued

• We are eager for battle in order to force the
  enemy to awake from his dreams and meet Arab
  reality face to face. -- 1967

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Six Day War (1967)

• Fear of an imminent attack from bordering Arab
  nations force Israel to attack first.
• Extremely successful
• In a little less than six days, Israel defeats
  Arab Nations only losing 800 troops in
  opposition too the Arabs 15,000 (approximately
  116 ratio)

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IDF soldiers Zion Karasanti, Yitzhak Yifat and
Haim Oshrí, at Jerusalem's Western Wall shortly
after its capture on June 7, 1967 and 40 years
later.
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How and why would the Arab World attempt to
strike at the US for its support of Israel?

1. Terrorism Islamic Fundamentalism
2. Economics OPEC Oil Embargo

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Recap of the Arab-Israeli Wars

• Who seems to have the upper hand in the conflict?
• What are the main issues that the Israelis and
  Arabs are fighting over?
• Is there a simple solution to the problem at hand?

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Islamic Fundamentalism

• 1967 - Six Day War had shown many Muslims that
  God had turned away from them Decisive victory
  for the Jews It was a humiliating defeat for
  Muslims.
• Islamic Fundamentalism the only way back to God
  was to return to pure religion.
• Islam at its founding the time of Mohammed
• Strict interpretation of the Koran Sharia Law
• Jihad wage war against those that insult Islam.
  
• Near Enemy impure Muslim society secular
• Distant Enemy the West secular pro Israel

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Sayyid Qutb

• Arrested under Nasser administration. Why?
• Very intelligent
• Studied in Greeley, Colorado _at_ Colorado State
  Teachers College

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Qutb continued

• Developed hatred towards American way of life
• In charge of newspaper that went against Nassers
  western peace policies.
• Will be hanged under Nasser administration
• Ran a newspaper
• Accused of trying to plan a revolt against Nasser

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Left- Anwar Sadat B. Left- Younger Golda
Meir Down- Golda Meir
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Surprise Attack in 1973

• On Yom Kippur, Anwar Sadat (Nassers successor)
  sends army out to catch Israelis off guard.
• Success at first, but land will be reclaimed by
  Israel, under prime minister Golda Meir.
• Truce is agreed too for the time being.
• Known as the Yom Kippur War.

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Cold War

• Why is the United States hesitant to directly
  support Israel against the Arab nations?
• USA with Israel --- Soviet Union with Arabs
• Hypothetical situation
• Add into the mix Nuclear Bomb
• Cold War was a very intimidating time for the US,
  USSR, and the entire world.

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OPEC

• Formed in Baghdad 1960
• Stationed in Vienna, Austria
• Goal To regulate oil prices
• Original members
• Iran
• Iraq
• Kuwait
• Saudi Arabia
• Venezuela

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US Interferes in Yom Kippur War

• Help to re-supply the Israelis after the Arabs
  surprise attack them via airlift.
• Tensions increasing between US and Arab nations.
• US has supported Israel since 1948

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Oil Embargo of 1973-74

• American demand for resources
• American cheap prices
• What would be the best way to get back at the
  United States for being sympathetic for Israel?

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Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting
Countries (OAPEC)

• Punishment to America for helping Israel during
  Yom Kippur conflict
• Stop shipping oil to the US
• You should pay more for oil. Lets say ten
  times more. 1973 Shah of Iran
• increasing prices by 70 to America's Western
  European allies.
• Overnight, the price of a barrel of oil to these
  nations rose from 3 to 5.11. In January 1974,
  they raised it further to 11.65.

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What does the United States do?

• 1 Million to 400 Million
• Alternative energy resources
• Solar Power
• Wind Power
• Arctic Drilling?

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Case Study General Motors (GM)

• 1970s- Number 1 Car Maker in the World
• Had begun research on alternative fuels
• Electric cars using Fuel Cells
• How does this work?
• Similar to a battery except runs on a never
  ending cycle.

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If GM began this research, and were the leading
researcher, then why are we not driving them
today?

• Profit General Motors could make more money
  selling gas guzzling SUVs
• Who leads in Fuel Cell research today?
• Is it too late for General Motors to make the
  shift over?

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Prudhoe bay- Population in 2000 5

• 1977- 20 of US oil consumption comes from
  Alaska.
• Risks involved?
• Is this the right solution? What are some other
  alternatives?

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Review

• 1.) What event caused the Arab world to direct
  there attention towards the United States?
• Yom Kippur War
• 2.) What are the two ways they try to strike
  back at America?
• OPEC (economics)
• Terrorism (guerilla)

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Outline

• Two attempts for peace
• Camp David Accords
• Oslo Agreements
• The Two State Solution- is it a good idea?

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Camp David Peace Accords

• US President Jimmy Carter hosts a negotiation
  conference between Egypt and Israel.
• After 13 days, Egypt recognized Israel as a
  nation.
• Israel returned Sinai Peninsula to Egypt.
• 30 years of hostilities end?
• Anwar Sadat receives Nobel Peace Prize

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1977 Times Magazine Man of the Year

• "We used to reject you, true. We refused to meet
  you anywhere, true. We referred to you as the
  'so-called Israel,' true. At international
  conferences our representatives refused to
  exchange greetings with you, true. At the 1973
  Geneva Peace Conference our delegates did not
  exchange a single direct word with you, true. Yet
  today we agree to live with you in permanent
  peace and justice. Israel has become an
  accomplished fact recognized by the whole world
  and the superpowers. We welcome you to live among
  us in peace and security." --Anwar Sadat

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Reaction to Camp David Accords

• Sadat will be assassinated by Muslim Extremists
• Acts of terrorism increase in Israel as a result
• Intifada- uprising of the Palestinians

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Oslo Peace Accords

• Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin agrees to
  grant Palestinians self-rule in Gaza Strip and
  West Bank (Two State Solution)
• Will result in the assassination of Rabin by an
  Israeli extremist
• Second Intifada- Suicide Bombers
• Rabin is assassinated by Jewish extremists

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Failure to find peace

• The more attempts that are made for peace, the
  angrier Islamic fundamentalists get.
• Around 2000, the Second Intifada begins
• Suicide Bombings
• Qassem Rockets

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Two State Solution?

• http//www.cbsnews.com/stories/2009/01/23/60minute
  s/main4749723.shtml

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Peace Negotiations Ultimately Fail
Other problems in the ME
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Iran

• Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi- Westernized
• Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini- Fundamentalist

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Iranian Revolution (1979)

• 1953- Overthrow the Democratically elected
  government of Mohammad Mosaddeq
• USA restores Shah to power
• Shah Pahlavi embraces Western governments oil
  companies
• Cultural Clash Modern West vs. Traditional Islam

• Ayatollah Khomeini Iranian conservative Muslim
  leader - lives in exile for speaking against
  Pahlavi.
• 1978 - Khomeini sparks riots in Iran Shah flees
• Theocratic government established Sharia Law
• Anti-Western Anti-American
• 1979 Shah seeks treatment in the United
  States Iran demands his return
• Muslim radicals take control in Iran - increasing
  tensions with Iraq (secular)

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Perspectives

• United States
• Occurs before Yom Kippur War and Oil Embargo
• Need Oil to keep up living standards for typical
  Americans
• Consider Iranian actions to be communist
• WWI/WWII success riding the wave

• Iran
• US has no right to interfere in Iranian politics
• American government is greedy
• Actions are not acceptable, revenge is necessary.
• US The Great Satan
• Want the Shah to undergo trial
• How do they do this?

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American Hostage Crisis

• Khomeini takes control of Iran
• Encourages extremists to seize US Embassy in
  Tehran
• 66 American hostages
• 444 days
• Demand that the US make Shah Pahlavi face trial
• Will release everyone by 1981

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What was life like for these 444 days?

• But the student radicals knew little of the
  world and its ways, let alone the difference
  between a diplomat and a spy. They saw an
  operative with James Bond-like powers in every
  corner. One interrogator questioned State
  Department security officer Alan Golacinski about
  his digital watch, convinced that it was a secret
  radio.
• Some hostages were badly beaten. Others faced
  terrifying mock executions. A few were thrown in
  solitary confinement. Bowden skillfully gets
  inside the minds of the hostages, vividly
  describing their churning emotions and harrowing
  experiences.
• -- Guests of the Ayatollah

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Iran vs. Iraq Who does the US favor?

• Iran
• Had just undergone a revolution
• Khomeini does not like the United States

• Iraq Saddam Hussein
• 5th President of Iraq Dictatorship
• Ran a secular government
• Followed Nasser as a model
• Thought of himself as one who would bring
  modernization to Iraq

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Conflict with Iran

• 1980- Iraq invades Iran
• Border Disputes
• WWI?
• Trenches, Poison Gas, over 1,000,000 die
• Nothing is settled, UN negotiated ceasefire in
  1988

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Interference From who else?

• US will tend to take Iraqs side in the war.
• Interesting side note
• 1983 Ronald Reagan/Donald Rumsfeld
• January 2001-December 18, 2006.
• US Secretary of Defense

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1990- Iraq invades Kuwait

• Out of fear of a Saudi invasion, they invade
  first and take control of oil fields in Kuwait
• UN economic sanctions fail
• By early 1991, 39 nations declared war on Saddam
  Hussein and Iraq
• Who are most of these nations?
• Iraq leaves Kuwait and agrees to a cease fire

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Persian Gulf War akaOperation Desert Storm

• Scorched Earth Policy
• Burning of Oil
• Effects? Then? Now?
• Effects of Kuwait War 305-630

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United States on Arabian Penninsula

• Following the Gulf War, the US Coalition remains.
• Infuriates fundamentalists
• Believe that they would contaminate the holy
  sights
• Infidel army angers those such as Osama Bin Laden

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How about Afghanistan?

• 1950s? Soviet influence increasing
• 1979? Soviets invade
• 1980s?Mujahedeenholy warriors stage a revolt
• Looming Tower

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War in Afghanistan (1979-89)

• 1979 - Soviets invade Afghanistan
• Muslims come to defend Afghanistan Holy War-
  Soviet Infidels
• Muslim Rebels (Mujahedeen) fight guerilla war
  against Soviets with U.S. weapons
• 1989 - Soviets withdraw Holy Warriors defeat a
  Superpower Taliban rises Base for Al Qaeda

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The Looming Tower Hijira

• 1.) The title of the chapter is Hijira. Who is
  Osama Bin Laden comparing himself to? How does
  he try to make that connection?
• Comparing himself to Muhammad, the prophet of
  Islam
• Osama Saudi Arabia to Afghanistan
• Muhammad Mecca to Medina

• Angry Muslim child. Why? A
• Danish publication of Muhammad

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• 2.) What was Afghanistan like when Bin Laden
  arrived?
• Suffering from 20 years of war
• Highwaymen Depiction of chaos
• Insufficient funds would take a child
• Government had been turning towards modernity

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• 4.) Who are the Taliban? Who made the Taliban
  into a formidable army?
• Were unorganized, but powerful
• Were able to take over from President Rabbani
• Supported by Pakistani intelligence

• 5.) Define Wahhabism. Where is it popular?
• Ideology A return to fundamental practices of
  first three generations of Islamic history.
• Saudi Arabia

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• 6.) What other country supported the Taliban and
  what was the connection?
• Pakistan
• Had set up schools that had helped many Taliban
  students

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Mullah Omar

• Well known for having been a fierce fighter in
  war against the Soviet Union.
• What do we know about him?
• Not much
• Refused to be photographed
• Tall about 66
• Wounded while battling Soviets from shrapnel

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7.) Who was Mullah Mohammed Omar? What was his
vision? How did he succeed in achieving his goal?

• Ruled Taliban in Afghanistan declared himself
  The Ruler of All Muslims.
• Vision To put an end to chaos brought about by
  the War with USSR
• Supported by many people
• Ancient robe/parades around with hands in the
  sleeves/cholera epidemic/rapture
• People want one ruler and stability
• Corruption and moral disintegration had gripped
  the land.

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Quick Question

• Mullah Omar and the Taliban would be considered
  Islamic Fundamentalists who takes his beliefs to
  the extreme. Is there a such thing as a
  Christian Fundamentalist?
• Evangel Pentecostal Christians
• North Dakota Summer Camp
• Documentary called Jesus Camp
• Jesus Camp
• Sharia in America?

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8.) What do the madrassas teach the refugee boys
that attend them? Why do they live in the
shadows of their fathers?

• The fundamentals of Wahhabism
• Portrayed as sissies and beggers
• Studied the Koran/Sharia
• Glorification of the Jihad
• War against infidels
• Success of fathers
• Had taken down a superpower
• Mujahideen eager to get their own glory

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Taliban fueled by 3 streams

• 1.) Money and arms from Saudi Arabia and Pakistan
• 2.) Afghan refugee students from Pakistan
• Exclusively male world
• Studied Koran/Perfection of a Muslim World
• 3.) Opium- Under Taliban, Afghanistan became the
  number one Opium exporter in the world

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9.) Why was Opium significant to the Taliban?

• Served as the main source of income for Taliban.
• Number 1 poppy exporter in the world
• Worked alongside drug dealers and smugglers

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• 10.) What is the Islamists dream, and how does
  Omar tap into this?
• To find stability and unification under one
  ruler.
• Omar tried to be this man
• Wearing of the cloak

• 11.) What happened to women under the Taliban?
  What effect did this have overall?
• Stay in residences
• Loss of self-expression
• Health Care/Civil Service destroyed
• 40 doctors
• 50 govt workers
• 70 teachers

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12.) What were some of the things banned by the
Taliban?

• Kite flying
• Dog racing
• Trained pigeons
• Unclean Things
• Pork, pig, pig oil, anything made of human hair
• Cinema, Satellite dishes

• Cameras
• Pool Tables
• Chess
• Masks
• Alcohol
• Tapes
• Computers
• VCR
• Television
• Sexual propaganda

Why?

• Wine
• Lobster
• Nail Polish
• Firecrackers
• Statues
• Sewing catalogues
• Pictures
• Christmas cards

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Plato Allegory of the Cave

• People accept the reality of which they are given.

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13.) Throw reason to the dogs, it stinks of
corruption. - Taliban

• This sign was posted on the office of the
  religious police.
• People embrace it desperate and exhausted from
  twenty years of war.
• How is this similar to the enlightenment?
• Enlightenment served as a means of exposing
  corruption the Taliban, by American standards,
  an anti-enlightenment

• 14.) Why do most Afghanis embrace the Taliban
  rule at first?
• Desperate
• Didnt think that things could get any worse

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15.) What is symbolic of the cave in Islam? How
does bin laden use it?

• Seen as an escape from Western world
• Stalactites- drips that hang from caves, often
  used in Islamic art.
• Muhammad in cave in Medina had encounter with
  Gabrielle.
• Enemies pursue, protected by magic spider web
• Tora Bora Modern cave with enhanced defense
  (computers and ammunition).

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16.) How does bin Laden see himself as
personifying the Umma?

• Umma- Muslim Community
• Attack on one is an attack on all
• Bin laden, seeing himself as the prophet, sees
  himself as the ideal leader of the Umma
• Wants to start a war of terror against the United
  States

• 17.) When bin Laden declares war on the US, what
  grievances does he mention?
• 1.) Declaration of War Against the Americans
  Occupying the Land of the Two Holy Places.
• Medina and Mecca after first Gulf War
• 2.) US interest in middle-eastern oil.

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18.) Who is Khaled Sheikh Mohammed? Who is his
nephew? Why do you think Mohammed sought out Bin
Laden?

• Man who visits Osama bin Laden at Tora Bora cave.
• Nephew Ramzi Yousef
• Mohammed wanted to discuss plans with bin Laden
  about how they could try to terrorize the United
  States.

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19.) What are some schemes Mohammed and bin Laden
discuss?

• Plan to bomb 12 American jumbo jets (called
  Operation Bojinka)
• Actually happened, was a success
• An assassination of Bill Clinton in 1994
• Had route sketched out while visiting Manila in
  1994
• An assassination of Pope John Paul II
• Planned to get priest cassocks.
• These plans were encrypted on Yousefs hard
  drive, which was captured
• Flying airplanes into buildings
• Bin laden claims not to know Mohammed personally

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1993 World Trade Center Bombing

• Planned by a group including Ramzi Yousef Khaled
  Sheik Mohammeds uncle.
• Plan
• Car bomb in parking deck supposed to knock North
  tower into South tower, bringing them down.
• Kills 6, injure about a thousand, but ultimate
  goal is a failure.

• Intentions
• Before the attack, Yousef sent a demand to NY
  newspapers to
• A.) US stops sending aid to Israel
• B.) Stop having diplomatic relations with Israel
• C.) US stops interference with all Middle Eastern
  countries

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• How did many of the things discussed in this
  chapter come together in a perfect storm,
  culminating with the September 11th attacks?

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September 11, 2001

• Rationale Injustices against Muslim people by
  Israel and the United States.
• if killing those who kill our sons is
  terrorism, then let history be witness that we
  are terrorists.Osama Bin Laden

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US Invades Afghanistan (2001)

• Operation Enduring Freedom
• Capture Bin Laden
• Destroy Al-Qaeda
• Remove Taliban regime who allowed a safe-haven
  for Al-Qaeda
• International Security Assistance Force
• Created by the United Nations
• Coalition of over 30 nations

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US invades Iraq (2003)

• Reasons for Invading
• Weapons of mass destruction
• Supporting Al-Qaeda
• Abuse of Human Rights and financial assistance to
  Palestinian suicide bombers.
• Saddam Hussein Executed at Camp Justice in
  Baghdad
• Sunni vs. Shiite?

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What is the best way to find peace?

• Land for Peace US Perspective
• Israel Give back land to Palestinians that they
  acquired in Six Day War.
• Israel Leave Arab areas and allow them
  self-rule
• Palestinians Peace and recognition of Israel

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Extra Credit Opportunity (2)

• 3-5 minute presentation on
• Terrorist attacks of
• 1998 US Embassies in Africa (Tanzania and Kenya)
• 2000 USS Cole
• 5 Ws Who, What, When, Where, Why
• Significance
• Relation to any current events?