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NEW WORLD EXPERIMENTS ENGLANDS
SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY COLONIES

• America Past and Present
• Chapter 2

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Breaking Away

• Rapid social change in seventeenth-century
  England
• English population mobile
• Different motives for migration
• religious versus economic
• personal to escape bad marriages, jail terms, or
  lifelong poverty

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The Stuart Monarchs
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Four Colonial Subcultures

• The Chesapeake
• New England
• Middle Colonies
• The Carolinas

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The Chesapeake Dreams of Wealth

• Richard Hakluyt and other visionaries keep alive
  the dream of English colonies
• Anti-Catholicism prompts English people to
  challenge Spanish claims in New World

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Entrepreneurs in Virginia

• Joint-stock companies provide financing
• English stockholders in Virginia Company expect
  instant profits
• Jamestown settled 1607
• Colonys location in a swamp unhealthy
• Competition from expansive Powhattans
• Colonists do not work for common good

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Chesapeake Colonies, 1640
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Spinning Out of Control

• 1608-1609--John Smith imposes order
• 1609--London Company reorganizes colonial
  government
• 1610-- Starving Time ended by arrival of Lord
  De La Warr, fresh settlers
• Conflict with Powhattans
• Contributes to starving time
• 1622natives attempt to drive out English
• 1644second attempt to drive out English
  Powhattan empire destroyed

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Stinking Weed

• 1610--John Rolfe introduces tobacco
• 1618-- Headrights instituted to encourage
  development of tobacco plantations
• Headright 50-acre lot granted to each colonist
  who pays his own transportation, or for each
  servant brought into the colony
• Allows development of huge estates
• 1618--House of Burgesses instituted for Virginia
  self-government

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Time of Reckoning

• Population increase prevented by imbalanced sex
  ratio
• 3,570 colonists to Virginia 1619-1622
• Men outnumber women 61 after 1619
• Contagious disease kills settlers
• 1618 Virginia population numbers 700
• 1618-1622 3,000 immigrate
• 1622 Virginia population numbers 1,240
• 1622--Powhattan attack kills 347 settlers

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Corruption and Reform

• 1624--King James I dissolves London Company
• Virginia becomes a royal colony
• House of Burgesses continues to meet

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Maryland A Troubled Refuge for Catholics

• Initiated by Sir George Calvert (Lord Baltimore)
  as refuge for English Catholics
• 1632--Calverts son Cecilius (2nd Lord Baltimore)
  gains charter to Maryland
• Requires toleration among Catholics and
  Protestants

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Maryland A Troubled Refuge for Catholics (2)

• Wealthy Catholics unwilling to relocate in
  America
• Common settlers demand greater voice in Maryland
  government
• Protestants refuse to tolerate Catholics
• Protestants seize control in 1655
• Scattered riverfront settlements of poor tobacco
  planters

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Reforming England in America

• Pilgrims
• Separatists who refused to worship in the Church
  of England, fled
• Escape persecution in Holland
• 1620--Plymouth founded
• Plymouth a society of small farming villages
  bound together by mutual consent
• 1691--absorbed into Massachusetts Bay

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The Great Migration

• Puritans
• Wish to remain within the Church of England, work
  to eliminate all remaining vestiges of the Roman
  Catholic past
• 1629--Puritans despair as King Charles I begins
  Personal Rule
• 1630--John Winthrop leads Puritan group to
  Massachusetts, brings Company Charter

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A City on a Hill

• 1630-1640--16,000 immigrated
• Settlers usually came as family units
• Area generally healthy
• Puritans sacrifice self-interest for the good of
  the community

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A City on a Hill (2)

• Puritans establish Congregationalism
• a state-supported ecclesiastical system in which
  each congregation is independently governed by
  local church members
• Puritan civil government permits voting by all
  adult male church members
• Elected officials not to concern themselves with
  voters wishes

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A City on a Hill (3)

• Local, town governments autonomous
• Most participated in public life at town level
• Townships commercial properties, shares of which
  could be bought and sold
• Village life intensely communal
• Laws and Liberties passed in 1648 to protect
  rights, ensure civil order

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Limits of Dissent Roger Williams

• An extreme Separatist
• Questioned the validity of the colonys charter
• Champions liberty of conscience
• Williams expelled to Rhode Island, 1636

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Limits of DissentAnne Hutchinson

• Believed herself directly inspired by the Holy
  Spirit
• Believed converted persons could live without
  the Moral Law
• Charged that Congregational ministers preached a
  covenant of works
• Banished to Rhode Island by General Court

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Mobility and Division

• New Hampshire--insignificant until eighteenth
  century
• Rhode Island--received dissenters from
  Massachusetts
• Connecticut--founded by Thomas Hooker
• New Haven--absorbed into Connecticut

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New England Colonies, 1650
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Diversity in the Middle Colonies

• New York
• New Jersey
• Pennsylvania
• Delaware

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Middle Colonies, 1685
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Anglo-Dutch Rivalry on the Hudson

• Location Hudson River
• New Netherlands originally property of Dutch West
  Indies Company
• Population included Finns, Swedes, Germans,
  Africans, as well as Dutch
• 1664--English fleet captured colony

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Anglo-Dutch Rivalry on the Hudson (2)

• New York made personal property of James, Duke of
  York
• Property included New Jersey, Delaware, Maine,
  and various islands
• Inhabitants had no political voice beyond the
  local level
• James derived little profit from the colony.

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Confusion in New Jersey

• Colony sold by Duke of York to Lord Berkeley and
  Sir George Carteret
• Settlers refuse to pay rents
• grounds New York governor had promised
  representative assembly
• Berkeley splits colony by selling out to Quaker
  group

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Confusion in New Jersey (2)

• West Jersey becomes Quakers colony
• Democratic system of government introduced
• Diverse, contentious
• Neither Jersey prospers, reunited by the crown in
  1702

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Quakers in America

• Pennsylvania founding inseparable from Quakers
• Quaker a derogatory term for those who tremble
  at the word of the Lord
• Members call sect Society of Friends

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Quaker Belief and Practice

• Founder George Fox (1624-1691)
• Believed in Inner Light
• Rejected idea of original sin, predestination
• Each may communicate directly with God
• Each has responsibility to cultivate Inner Light
• Persecuted as dangerous anarchists

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Penn's "Holy Experiment"

• Aristocrat William Penn converts to the Society
  of Friends
• Obtains a charter for Pennsylvania
• "Holy Experiment"--a society run on Quaker
  principles
• Promotes religious toleration
• Protects rights of property-less

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Settling Pennsylvania

• Immigrants recruited from England, Wales,
  Ireland, and Germany
• Quaker population racked by contention
• Non-Quaker population does not share Penns
  ideals
• 1701--Penn grants self-rule to Pennsylvania
  colonists, independence to Delaware

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Planting the Carolinas

• Reliance on slave labor produced superficial
  similarity to Chesapeake
• Diversity of settlers, environment produced great
  divergence from Chesapeake

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Proprietors of the Carolinas

• Granted by Charles II in 1663 to eight
  Proprietors to reward loyalty
• Tried to recruit settlers from established
  American colonies
• they were not easily persuaded
• Few inhabitants in first years

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The Barbadian Connection

• Anthony Ashley Cooper encourages settlement by
  planters from Barbados
• Barbadians settle around Charleston
• Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina drawn up
  by John Locke
• Barbadians reject Fundamental Constitutions for
  greater self-government
• French Huguenot settlers oppose
• 1729--Strife prompts Crown to take over, divide
  Carolina

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Founding of Georgia

• Georgia founded in 1732
• Strategic purpose buffer between Carolinas and
  Spanish Florida
• Charitable purpose refuge for imprisoned
  debtors from England
• By 1751 a small slave colony

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The Carolinas and Georgia
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Living with Diversity

• All colonies faced early struggle to survive
• Distinct regional differences intensified and
  persisted throughout the colonial period
• Colonists eventually saw themselves as a distinct
  people