Fundamentals of Biology Chapter 4

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Fundamentals of BiologyChapter 4
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Levels of Organization

• Atom Level
• Tissue Level
• Ecosystem Level
• Molecule Level
• Individual Level
• Organelle Level
• Organ System Level
• Cell Level
• Community Level
• Population Level
• Organ Level

• Atom Level
• Molecule Level
• Organelle Level
• Cell Level
• Tissue Level
• Organ Level
• Organ System Level
• Individual Level
• Population Level
• Community Level
• Ecosystem Level

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The fundamental unit of all matter
Atom
Combinations of atoms that are bonded together
Molecule
A subcellular membrane- bound compartment
Organelle
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Cell
The basic unit of life
Group of similar cells that perform a common
function
Tissue
Organ
Two or more different tissues that perform a
common function
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Organ System
Group of related organs that have a common
function
Individual
A single organism
All individuals of the same species that occupy a
given area
Population
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All the species in an ecosystem that can interact
Community
A community and its physical environment
Ecosystem
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The Ingredients of Life

• Elements- substances composed of only one type of
  atom.
• 94 naturally occurring.
• Carbon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, and Oxygen account
  for 90 of the elements in living things.

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The Building Blocks
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Cells and Organelles
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Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Cells

• Feature Eukaryotic Prokaryotic
• Organisms Animals, plants Bacteria, Archaea
• Size 10-100 µm 1-10 µm
• Organelles Yes No
• DNA form Coiled, linear Circular
• DNA location Nucleus Cytoplasm
• Internal membranes Yes No
• Cytoskeleton Yes No

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Robert Hooke (1635-1703)
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Cell Theory

• CELL THEORY- proposed in 1839 by Schleiden and
  Schwann.
• All living things are composed of cells.
• The cell is the basic unit of life.
• New cells arise only from preexisting cells.
• Cells contain hereditary information which is
  passed from cell to cell during cell division.
• All cells are similar in chemical composition.
• All of the energy flow of life occurs within
  cells.    

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Invention of the Microscope

• Invented circa 1595 AD by Zacharias Janssen
  (1580-1638), a spectacle maker from Holland.

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4 Types of Microscopes Used to Study Cells

• Dissecting microscope- 4-50X.
• Light is passed through or reflected on a
  specimen.
• Focus with a set of glass lenses.
• Compound light microscope- 1,000X.
• Light is passed through a specimen.
• Focus with a set of glass lenses.
• Transmission electron microscope- 50,000X.
• Electrons are passed through a specimen.
• Focus with a set of magnetic lenses.
• Scanning electron microscope- 10,000X.
• Electrons are scanned over the surface of a
  specimen that has been coated with a metal.
• No Focus, produces a three-dimensional image
  collected from electrons that are emitted from
  the metal.

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Dissecting Microscope
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Diffusion

• Diffusion- the spontaneous tendency of a
  substance (solute or solvent) to move from a more
  concentrated to a less concentrated area.
• T or F. Diffusion results in the uniform
  distribution of a substance.

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Osmosis

• Osmosis- the diffusion of water through a
  selectively permeable membrane from a region of
  higher concentration to a region of lower
  concentration.

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When referring to two solutions that are
separated by a selectively permeable membrane

• Isotonic solutions have the same concentration of
  solute as the cell.
• Hypotonic solutions have lower solute
  concentrations than the cell.
• Hypertonic solutions have higher solute
  concentration than the cell.

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3 Domains and 6 Kingdoms
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Classifying Living Things