The Crusades, Renaissance, Reformation, and the time of Revolutions

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The Crusades, Renaissance, Reformation, and the
time of Revolutions

• Europe 14th to 16th century

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The Crusades

• Time period between 11th and 13th centuries when
  Western European Christians went to reclaim
  control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims.
• They opened up new trade routes and were
  fascinated by ancient Greek and Roman life.

3
The Renaissance

• Era of creativity and learning in Western Europe
  from the 14th 16th Centuries.
• Renaissance means Rebirth.
• Begins on the Italian Peninsula in the mid 14th
  century
• --Lorenzo the Magnificent (Medici) (1449-1492)

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Renaissance Art

• Renaissance art stressed proportion, balance and
  harmonyand was not otherworldly
• Artistic problems of perspective and composition
  addressed using mathematics
• -linear perspective gave the impression of
  depth to the picture.

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Leonardo

• Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519)
• True Renaissance Man
• Scientist, inventor, engineer and naturalist
• Best known for art and inventions
• Short attention span

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Raphael

• Raphael (1483-1520)
• Man of great sensitivity and kindness
• Died at the age of 37

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Michelangelo

• Michelangelo
• Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
• Conflict with Pope Julius II
• Incredible energy and endurance

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Donatello

• Donatello
• 1386 1466
• a famous early Renaissance artist and sculptor

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Raphael, Leonardo, Michelangelo, Donatello

• Heroes on the half shell
• TURTLE POWER!

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William Shakespeare

• William Shakespeare (1564-1616)
• --Globe Theater
• Shakespeare returns to classical subjects and
  genres
• Macbeth ambition
• Hamlet individualism
• Romeo and Juliet Revenge
• Keen sensitivity to sounds and meanings of words

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The Reformation

• Reformation (16th century) was an attempt to
  reform (change) the Catholic Church

• People like Martin Luther wanted to get rid of
  the corruption and restore the peoples faith in
  the church

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Martin Luther

• 1483-1546 German monk
• Criticized Catholic Church
• Spoke out again the policy of selling indulgences
  
• practice of forgiving sins in exchange for money.

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Gutenbergs Printing Press how did it change
Europe

• People were able to own books before books had
  been written by hand.
• Explosion of printed materials
• --By 1500, 40,000 titles printed and between
  8-10 million copies
• Gave people access to the Bible in their own
  language

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Age of Exploration

• Europeans wanted to discover a direct route to
  Asia for the Spice Trade.
• They could make more money if they dealt directly
  with Asia.

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Christopher Columbus

• Italian believed the shortest way to Asia was
  to sail west.
• Set sail in 1492
• Landed in the Caribbean instead of Asia.

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Ferdinand Magellan

• Portuguese explorer, tried to sail around the
  world (circumnavigate).
• Left Spain with 5 ships and 200 sailors (1519).
• Magellan was killed in the Philippines
• 3 years later, 1 ship and 18 sailors returned to
  Spain.

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John Cabot

• Italian named Giovanni Caboto he was funded by
  England
• Believed sailing north across the Atlantic would
  be a shortcut to Asia.
• He found Canada instead (1497).

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Imperialism

• The practice of one country controlling the
  government and economy of another country or
  territory.

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Results of Exploration

• Clash of cultures
• Religious conversion
• Spread of diseases
• Slavery

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THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
CREATION OF A NEW WORLDVIEW

• Questioning of old knowledge assumptions

• Gradual replacement of religious superstition
  presumptions

• Gradual rise of science reason

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The Scientific Revolution

• Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) first to see
  microscopic life in a drop of water.

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THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
NEW DIRECTIONS IN ASTRONOMY PHYSICS

• GALILEO GALILEI (1564-1642)

• Constructed first telescope

• Described motion of bodies on earth

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THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
NEW DIRECTIONS IN ASTRONOMY PHYSICS

• ISAAC NEWTON (1642-1727)

• Universal Gravitation combined laws of
  planetary earth motion

• Scientific Method

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Industrial Revolution - Definition

• Industrial Revolution - A period of change
  beginning in the late 18th century, during which
  goods began to be manufactured by power-driven
  machines

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Industrial Revolution -

• Began in ENGLAND in late 1700s
• Factories, steam engines are very important can
  make products more quickly and cheaply
• The first industry was the TEXTILE (CLOTH)
  INDUSTRY

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Industrial Revolution Issues

• Child labor was a huge problem
• More people move to cities
• Population increases
• Issues with overpopulation (diseases, crime)
• Pollution!!!!!!!!

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Capitalism

• Capitalism is an economic system where factories
  and businesses are privately owned. This is the
  economic system used in the United States.

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French RevolutionKing Louis XVI and Marie
Antoinette
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The French RevolutionCauses

• Government in debt
• Poor harvests increased population food
  shortages and hunger
• Heavy taxes
• A clueless king and queen

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Storming of the Bastille
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Storming the Bastille

• July 14, 1789
• Angry mobs attack the prison and release all the
  prisoners

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French Republic

• New constitution
• Opposition (including the monarchs) is beheaded
  with a new invention the guillotine

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Reign of Terror

• Still no peace.
• From 1793-1794, 17,000 people killed

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Reign of Terror
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Napoleon

• General Napoleon Bonaparte takes control and
  restores order.
• He becomes emperor in 1804.