Chapter 1 New World Beginnings

1
Chapter 1 New World Beginnings

• 225 million years ago world was one big landmass
  called the pangea before it broke apart to form
  continents separated by oceans.

2
Ice Ages

• Ice ages are recurring periods in the Earth's
  history, usually thousands or tens of thousands
  of years in length, when the entire Earth
  experiences colder climatic conditions. During
  these periods, enormous continental glaciers
  called ice sheets cover large areas of the
  Earths surface. Ice ages are separated by warmer
  periods called interglacial periods. Several ice
  ages have occurred throughout our planet's
  history. The last ice age peaked about 18,000
  years ago, after which the Earth again began to
  warm.

3
Great Ice Age

• Shaped Geological history of North America and
  contributed to origins of human history
• Covered part of Europe,Asia, and the Americas
  until it melted 10,000 years ago revealing a land
  bridge

4
Bering Strait

• Land Bridge connected Eurasia and North America
• ( Present day Siberia and Alaska)
• Asian hunters crossed over on bridge until sea
  level rise and cover it again. This led to their
  isolation until discovery by Europeans.

5
Ice Age Migration Pattern

• By the time Europeans made it to the North
  America, ancestors of natives had migrated down
  to South and Central America for warmer climate.

6
Natives created sophisticated civilization in the
Americas

• Incas city Machu-Picchu in Peru

7
Natives created sophisticated civilization in the
Americas

• Mayans (in Central America) and their decaying
  civilization as depicted in Apocalypto

8
More sophisticated civilization

• Aztecs in Mexico had developed agriculture,
  elaborate cities(Tenochtitlan) , commerce and
  mathemetical knowledge. When the Spaniards landed
  in Mexico in 1519, they discovered a civilization
  thattook their breath away with its opulence and
  grandeur -- and also with its insatiable appetite
  for human sacrifice. The Catholic monks and
  friars that accompanied Cortez on his expedition
  began to probe and delve into the origins of the
  mighty Aztec empire -- recording the legends and
  traditions of the great migration that took the
  Aztecs to the valley of Mexico.

9
Earliest Americans

• Developed agriculture ( corn) responsible for the
  large size of Native American civilizations in
  Mexico and South America.
• Hunters/gatherers cultivated corn which became
  the main food source. This is the foundation of
  stabilizing huge nation states like the Incas and
  the Aztecs. They no longer had to migrate or
  live a nomadic existence.

10
Widespread of crop cultivation

• Corn planting reached Americans in South west
  region like the Pueblo Indians in New Mexico.
  They built irrigation system.
• Maize, beans, squash-rich diet and farming
  techniques contributed to population density in
  continent
• Iroquois nation in North America rival those of
  the Incas and Mayans. Some natives had no desire
  to alter the face of the land or the means to do
  it so they spread out in N.A. in small groups.

11
Indirect Discoveries of the New World

• Norse seafarers tried to colonize present day
  Newfoundland( Part of N.A.) but left because no
  funding.
• Christian crusaders exposed to exotic goods
  during their crusades against theMuslims.Later
  they wanted to find route to Asia to get it. This
  motivation for riches and goods would eventually
  lead to discovery of N.A.

12
Europeans Enter AfricaThe stage is set for
exploration

• 1. European appetites for Eastern treasures
  increased as a result of Marco Polos tales of
  his stay in China. He worked for Kubla Khan for
  17 years.The stories spurred exploration them to
  find a less expensive route to Asia or develop
  alternate sources of supply.

13
The Stage is set

• 2. Portuguese mariners developed the caravel, a
  ship that could sail from Europe to African coast
  where they set up trading post for gold and
  slaves.

14
The stage is set for exploration

• 3. Spain unite through the marriageof2sovereigns-
  Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella Castille. They
  wanted to beat the Portuguese in trade so they
  looked westward to unexplored land (N.A.). Lucky
  timing for Columbus.

15
Columbus audience with the king and queen
16
Columbus Comes upon New World

• given 3 ships by Spanish monarchy
• Oct. 12, 1492 landed in Bahamas while searching
  for new water routes to Indies (orient)
• Called natives Indians and the term stuck to this
  day

17
Columbuss failure had long-lasting affects on
history

1. His failure led other nations to find the routes
   around land barriers blocking the ocean pathway
   which led to discovery of new continents

18
His voyage created an interdependent global
economic system

• Europe provided the markets, capital, and
  technology.
• Africa labor
• New World raw materials like precious metals
  and soil for farming

19
When Worlds Collide Old vs. New

• Food from New world such as beans, tomatoes,
  potatoes help fed growing population of Old world
  (most important Indian gift to Europeans)
• Maize, manioc, and sweet potatoes may have fed
  the African population

20
Old and New World exchange

• New World gives to the Old World gold, silver,
  corn, potatoes, pineapple, tomatoes, tobacco,
  beans, vanilla, chocolate, and syphilis.
• Old World gives to New World wheat, sugar, rice,
  coffee, horses, cows, pigs, smallpox, measles,
  bubonic plague, influenza, typhus, diphtheria,
  scarlet fever and slave labor

21
Spanish Conquistadores and their affects

• Wanted silver gold in America.
• Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) Spain and Portugal
  split up new lands in New world
• In1500 Spain dominated in exploration and
  colonization
• Silver introduced to New World which caused a
  price revolution--- increased consumer cost by
  500 beginning of capitalism

22
Spanish Affects continued

• New World money transformed World Banks because
  this laid the foundation for commercial banking
  today
• Caribbean islands used as staging sites for
  attacks on other nations
• Spanish govt set up encomienda act of giving
  natives to colonist to convert, a form of slavery

23
Key Events of the Conquest of Mexico

1. 2 interpreters/slaves helped Cortez discover
   discontent and internal problems of Aztecs which
   he used to gain control
2. 20,000 Indian allies helped Cortez conquer
3. Moctezuma believed Cortes was the god
   Quetzalcoatl so allowed him to approach
4. 1520-21 Cortes laid siege to city and a year
   later Aztecs submitted to Spanish rule

24
Statistics of death cause by the arrival of the
Spaniards

• Within 50yrs of Spanish arrival population of
  Taino natives in Hisponiola dropped from 1 mill
  to 200 ( diseases the main reason)
• Centuries after Columbus landed 90 of Native
  Americans dead.
• Entire cultures, ancient ways of life
  extinguished forever.

25
The Spread of Spanish America

1. Conquered millions of Indians and built cities
   along S. America
2. Conquered N.M. founded Santa Fe set up missions
   to convert heathens
3. Spanish guilty of killing, enslaving, and
   infecting natives with small pox, but they also
   built a colossal empire from Ca. to Florida to
   Terra del Fuego

26
Differences between English and Spanish
Settlers/Conquerors

• Spanish colonial settlements stronger, richer
  than English
• Spanish genuine empire builders and cultural
  innovators. They intermarried with the natives
  and fused their cultures together.
• English shunned and isolated the natives they
  encounter