Chapter%202:%20Ancient%20Egypt

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Chapter 2 Ancient Egypt
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Objective

• Global Citizens can recognize reasons that
  cultural groups develop in certain places

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Agenda

• Geography of Egypt

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Vocabulary

• Cataracts- steep rapids formed by cliffs and
  boulders in a river
• Delta- area of fertile soil at the mouth of a
  river

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Section 1 The Nile Valley

• A MIGHTY RIVER
• The Nile River is the longest river in the world.
• The Blue Nile and the White Nile meet and form
  the Nile River.
• The Egyptians used the river for drinking,
  bathing, farming, cooking, and cleaning.
• Cataracts are wild rapids that form in the Nile.
• A SHELTERED LAND
• Delta an area of fertile soil

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Section 1 The Nile Valley

• Sahara the largest desert in the world west of
  the Nile Valley
• Deserts are called the Red Land because of
  their burning heat.
• The Sahara kept outside armies away from Egypt.
• The Niles dangerous cataracts blocked enemy
  boats.
• There were no harbors in the delta marshes.
• The Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea allowed the
  Egyptians to trade.

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Section 1 The Nile Valley

• REGULAR FLOODING
• When the Nile flooded, the Egyptians farmed and
  lived securely.
• The Egyptians called their land Kemet which means
  the Black Land because of a layer of dark,
  fertile mud that was left behind after flooding.
• HOW DID THE EGYPTIANS USE THE NILE?
• They became successful farmers.
• Wheat, barley, and flax seeds were planted in the
  wet, rich soil.

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Section 1 The Nile Valley

• They used irrigation. They dug holes in the earth
  to trap the floodwaters.
• They built canals and dikes to strengthen the
  basin walls.
• Other technology
• Shadoof a bucket attached to a long pole to
  carry water
• Geometry to measure land
• Used papyrus, a reed plant, to make baskets,
  sandals, and river rafts
• Later used papyrus to make paper

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DBQ Primary Source Document
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NILE ACROSTIC

• Use the letters N-I-L-E-R-I-V-E-R to create an
  acrostic.
• My Example
• N Nile River is the longest

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Exit Ticket

• Imagine you live in Ancient Egypt. How would you
  use the Nile to make a living? Explain your day
  to day uses of the river.

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Bell Ringer

• How do you thoughts on floods differ from those
  of the Egyptians? Why are they different?

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Objective

• Identify how early forms of writing influenced
  life in Egypt

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Vocabulary

• Hieroglyphics-Egypts complex system of writing
• Papyrus- A reed plant from the Nile used to make
  baskets, sandals, and river rafts
• Use each in a sentence

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Section 1 The Nile Valley

• WHAT WERE HIEROGLYPHICS?
• Egyptians used papyrus rolls as writing paper.
• Hieroglyphics a complex writing system that
  combined sounds and pictures
• Only few people could read and write.
• Some men went to special schools to study reading
  and writing. They became scribes.
• Scribes kept records, worked for the rulers and
  priests, and traders

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Writing
Making paper from papyrus
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Phonograms represent sounds, much as alphabet
letters do. Ideograms are signs that represent
whole words or concepts.
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In Groups

• What would your lives be like without
• Written Laws?
• Written History?
• Written Religion?
• Written Literature?

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Example

• What your lives be like without
• Writing in school?
• Example Writing in school allows students to
  learn and reinforce the material. Writing also
  gives students the opportunity to express their
  knowledge of a subject. Through writing, thoughts
  are more clearly communicated. Without writing,
  it would be difficult to remember necessary
  material and to clearly express ideas and
  opinions.

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Exit Ticket

• How did hieroglyphics influence the life of the
  Egyptians? Include 4 ways and EXPLAIN how.

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Make your own hieroglyphics

• Create an alphabet of your own hieroglyphic
  symbols.
• Using your alphabet write one rule you follow
  outside of school

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Bell Ringer

• Decode a partners hieroglyphic law they
  completed for homework

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Objective

• Global Citizens can recognize roles of
  individuals in Egyptian society
• Global citizens can explain Ancient Egypts
  government

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Section 1 The Nile Valley

• Skillful farming led to surpluses, or extra
  amounts of food.
• Some people were artisans---wove cloths, made
  pottery, carved statues, or made weapons and
  tools
• THE RISE OF GOVERNMENT
• Village chiefs were the earliest rulers.
• Chiefs created small kingdoms out of their
  villages.
• Two large kingdoms Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt

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Section 1 The Nile Valley

• EGYPTS RULING FAMILIES
• Narmer, also known as Menes, united the Upper and
  Lower Egypt.
• He wore a double crown
• White represented Upper Egypt
• Red represented Lower Egypt
• Dynasty a line of rulers from one family
• EGYPTS SOCIAL CLASSES
• Top King (pharaoh) and his family

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Section 1 The Nile Valley

• Upper Class nobles, priests, and other wealthy
  Egyptians
• Middle Class artisans, people who ran businesses
  and produced goods
• Farmers made up the largest group of early
  Egyptians.
• The city dwellers were unskilled workers who did
  physical labor. They were at the very bottom.

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Section 1 The Nile Valley

• FAMILY LIFE
• Father headed the family.
• Egyptian women had more rights than most other
  early civilizations.
• They could own and pass property.
• They could buy and sell goods, make wills, and
  obtain divorces.
• Mothers taught their daughters household chores.
• Fathers trained their sons to farm or trade.

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Section 2 Egypts Old Kingdom

• OLD KINGDOM RULERS
• Pharaohs Egyptian kings who lived with their
  families in grand palaces
• The Egyptians served the pharaoh for two
  reasons----
• They needed a strong leader to be united.
• They believed the pharaoh was son of Re, the
  Egyptian sun god.
• The Egyptians thought their pharoah was a god on
  earth who controlled Egypts welfare.

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Social Roles Activity
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RAFT
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Section 2 Egypts Old Kingdom

• The Egyptians thought their pharoah was a god on
  earth who controlled Egypts welfare.
• EGYPTS RELIGIONS
• Deities gods or goddesses
• Main Egyptian god Re (the sun god)
• Another major god Hapi (ruled the Nile River)
• Most important goddess Isis

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Section 2 Egypts Old Kingdom

• LIFE AFTER DEATH
• Book of the Dead a collection of spells and
  prayers that Egyptians studied to obtain life
  after death
• For centuries the Egyptians believed that only
  the pharoah and elite could enjoy afterlife.
• The pharaohs body was protected by embalming it.
• Body was wrapped---mummy

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Section 2 The Old Kingdom

• EGYPTIAN MEDICINE
• Used herbs and drugs to treat illnesses
• Sewed up cuts and set broken bones
• They were the first specialists in medicine.
• Wrote the worlds first medical books on scrolls
  of papyrus
• THE PYRAMIDS
• Pyramid tombs built for pharaohs

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Section 2 Egypts Old Kingdom

• Pyramids protected the bodies of the pharaohs
  from floods, wild animals, and grave robbers.
• Held supplies the pharaoh may need in the spirit
  world clothing, furniture, jewelry, food
• The Great Pyramid the largest and grandest
  pyramid
• It was built for King Khufu in Giza
• The Great Pyramid was the tallest structure in
  the world for more than 4000 years.

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Section 3 The Egyptian Empire

• THE MIDDLE KINGDOM
• This was a golden age of peace, prosperity, and
  advances in the arts and architecture.
• Lasted from 2050 B.C. to 1670 B.C.
• Soldiers captured Nubia and made them pay
  tribute forced payments
• Arts, literature, and architecture thrived.
• Instead of building pyramids, pharaohs tombs
  were cut into cliffs.

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Section 3 The Egyptian Empire

• The Hyksos attacked Egypt.
• They were mighty warriors---chariots and weapons
  made of bronze/iron
• Later Ahmose drove the Hyksos out of Egypt after
  120 years.
• THE NEW KINGDOM
• Egypt acquired new territory and reached the
  height of its power.

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Section 3 The Egyptian Empire

• Queen Hatshepsut was the first woman pharaoh.
• She was more interested in trade than conquest.
• They exchanged beads, metal tools, and weapons
  for gold, ivory, ebony, and incense.
• They also wanted wood because there were few
  trees.
• Trading brought wealth to Egypt.
• When Hatshepsut died her nephew Thutmose became
  pharaoh.

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Section 3 The Egyptian Empire

• Thutmoses empire grew rich from trade and
  tribute.
• There were many slaves at this time.
• Slaves could own land, marry, and eventually be
  granted their freedom.
• THE LEGACY OF TWO PHARAOHS
• About 1370 B.C. Amenhotep came to the throne.

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Section 3 The Egyptian Empire

• He introduced a new religion----to worship only
  one god, Aton.
• Amenhotep changed his name to Akhenaton, which
  means Spirit of Aton.
• Later he became so devoted in his religion that
  invaders came in and attacked Egypt.
• Tutankhamen (King Tut) came into power when
  Akhenaton, his uncle, died.
• King Tut was only 10 years old!

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Section 3 The Egyptian Empire

• He received a lot of help from the priests and
  palace officials.
• King Tut ruled for only 9 short years----no one
  knows for sure how he died.
• In 1922 an archaeologist named Howard Carter
  found King Tuts tomb and went into it.
• He found incredible treasures including a gold
  mask of the young pharaohs face.

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Section 3 The Egyptian Empire

• THE END OF THE NEW KINGDOM
• Ramses II came into power and ruled for 66 years!
• He constructed several major new temples.
• The most famous temple was Karnak.
• Services were not held in these
  temples----Egyptians prayed at home.
• The temples were banks and houses for the gods
  and goddesses.

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Section 3 The Egyptian Empire

• After Ramses II died Egypt began to lose control
  again.
• In the 900s B.C. invaders started attacking
  Egypt.
• Libyans came from the west.
• Then the people of Kush came from the south in
  the 760s B.C.
• In 670 B.C. the Egyptians were taken over by the
  Assyrians.

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Section 4 The Civilization of Kush

• NUBIA
• People came to Nubia, which was a country along
  the Nile.
• They traveled across the savannas, or grassy
  plains, and settled in farming villages.
• Nubians were excellent hunters, skilled at using
  the bow and arrow.
• Later they were known for their fierce fighting
  skills.

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Section 4 The Civilization of Kush

• THE KINGDOM OF KERMA
• The powerful Nubian villages became Kerma.
• Kerma had cattle, gold, ivory, and
  slaves----which the Egyptians traded with them.
• Kerma was very wealthy.
• WHY DID EGYPT INVADE NUBIA?
• There was a 50 year war between the Egyptians and
  Kerma----Kerma collapsed.

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Section 4 The Civilization of Kush

• The people of Nubia adopted many Egyptian ways.
• THE RISE OF KUSH
• A Nubian group broke away from the Egyptian
  control and formed Kush.
• The Kushite kings ruled from the city of Napata.
• In time Kush became rich and strong enough to
  control Egypt.

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Section 4 The Civilization of Kush

• King Kashata started a conquest but his son Piye
  finished it and took control of Egypt.
• THE IMPORTANCE OF IRON
• The Assyrians attacked the Kushites.
• Kushites learned the secret of making iron from
  the Assyrians.
• They became the first Africans to devote
  themselves to ironmaking.

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Section 4 The Civilization of Kush

• Used iron to make hoes and plows for farming
• Began using iron swords and spears
• A NEW CAPITAL
• Meroe became the capital of Kush.
• This location had deposits of rich iron ore in
  the earth.

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Section 4 The Civilization of Kush

• BUILDING A PROFITABLE TRADE
• Meroe became the center of a huge trading
  network.
• They remained a great trading power for about 600
  years!
• About 200s A.D. Meroe was invaded by Axum which
  is present day Ethiopia.
• The armies of Axum burned Meroe to the ground.