What is the difference in these two chemical messengers?

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What is the difference in these two chemical
messengers?

• Neurotransmitters released by neurons
• Hormones release by endocrine glands

endocrine gland
neurotransmitter
axon
hormone carried by blood
receptor proteins
receptor proteins
Lock Keysystem
target cell
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Protein Hormone vs Steroid Hormone

• Warm Up
• Give 3 differences between the 2 types of
  hormones protein and steroid (book pg 978-979).
  
• Structure?
• Examples?
• Reaction with target cell?
• Other?

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Regulation Communication

• Animals rely on 2 systems for regulation
• endocrine system (hormones)
• system of ductless glands
• secrete chemical signals directly into blood
• chemical travels to target tissue
• slow, long-lasting response
• nervous system (neurotransmitters)
• system of neurons
• transmits electrical signal release
  neurotransmitters to target tissue
• fast, short-lasting response

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Classes of Hormones

• Protein-based hormones
• polypeptides
• small proteins insulin, ADH
• glycoproteins
• large proteins carbohydrate FSH, LH
• amines
• modified amino acids epinephrine, melatonin
• Lipid-based hormones
• steroids
• modified cholesterol sex hormones, aldosterone

insulin
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Action of protein hormones
signal-transduction pathway
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signal
proteinhormone
plasma membrane
P
activates G-protein
binds to receptor protein
activates enzyme
cAMP
acts as 2 messenger
receptor protein
ATP
transduction
GTP
activatescytoplasmicsignal
ATP
activates enzyme
2
secondary messengersystem
activates enzyme
cytoplasm
response
3
produces an action
target cell
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Benefits of a 2 messenger system
1
signal
Activated adenylyl cyclase
receptor protein
Not yet activated
2
amplification
4
amplification
3
cAMP
5
amplification
GTP
G protein
protein kinase
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amplification

• Amplification!

enzyme
Cascade multiplier!
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amplification
FAST response!
product
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Action of lipid (steroid) hormones
steroid hormone
target cell
blood
S
1
S
cross cell membrane
protein carrier
S
2
cytoplasm
binds to receptor protein
becomes transcription factor
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mRNA read by ribosome
S
3
plasma membrane
4
DNA
mRNA
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7
nucleus
protein
protein secreted
ex secreted protein growth factor (hair, bone,
muscle, gametes)
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FLT

• Given information on hormones and feedback loops
• I can explain how homeostasis of glucose and
  temperature is accomplished
• through manipulatives, video, and writing

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Homeostasis Animation

• www.brown.edu/Courses/BI0020_Miller/week/10/web-2/
  4-2-2007_10-21-10/Chapter_41/Present/Animations/41
  _A02/41_A02s.swf

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Maintaining homeostasis
hormone 1
lowersbody condition
gland
specific body condition
raisesbody condition
gland
Negative FeedbackModel
hormone 2
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The pancreas

• Islets of Langerhans
• Alpha cells glucagon raises blood
  glucose levels
• Beta cells insulin lowers blood
  glucose levels
• Type I diabetes mellitus (insulin-dependent
  autoimmune disorder)
• Type II diabetes mellitus (non-insulin-dependent
  reduced responsiveness in insulin targets)

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Homeostasis of Blood Glucose
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Regulation of Blood Sugar
Endocrine System Control
Feedback
islets of Langerhans beta islet cells
insulin
body cells takeup sugar from blood
liver storesglycogen
reducesappetite
blood sugar level (90mg/100ml)
liver releasesglucose
triggershunger
islets of Langerhansalpha islet cells
glucagon
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• Glucose and Glycogencarbs
• Insulin and Glucagonhormones
• Pancreas and Liverorgans
• Cells with mitochondria--target

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Glucose

• http//bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp50
  /5002002.html

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Temperature Homeostasis

• http//bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp41
  /41020.html

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Positive Feedback

• AMPLIFICATION

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Birth
positive feedback
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Positive Feedback in Plants

• Ripening Fruithormone ethylene
• One of the coolest things about ethylene is that
  it is released in a positive feedback loop a
  little bit of ethylene causes more to be
  released, which causes even more to be released,
  and so on.
• A benefit of this fact is that you can take an
  unripe fruit (a pear, plum, or peach, for
  example) and put it in a paper bag with riper
  fruit (bananas work well for this) and ethylene
  will accumulate, making the unripe fruit soft and
  sweet.

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Hormone Animation (ADH)

• http//highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/s
  tudent_view0/chapter20/animation__hormonal_communi
  cation.html

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Plant Responses to Light Stress
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Light Stress

• A plant is under light stress when it is unable
  to quench the light energy it is receiving either
  by way of photochemical or non-photochemical
  process.
• Leads to photoinhibition and possible free
  radical damage

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Photoinhibition

• The reduction in capacity for photosynthesis
• Inhibition is primarily in photosystem II
  reaction center
• Occurs when the system becomes light-saturated
• Is reversible to some degree
• Depends on how adapted the plant is to varying
  light conditions

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Plant Response to Water Stress
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Plant Response to Water Stress
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Problems with feedback loops -Diabetes -Dehydratio
n due to less ADH
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To do

• Practice the feedback loop related to
• Glucose
• Temperature
• Birth
• Plant Response to Dehydration
• (use book pg 983 as a resource)

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The adrenal glands

• Adrenal medulla (catecholamines) epinephrine
  norepinephrine increase basal metabolic rate
  (blood glucose and pressure)
• Adrenal cortex (corticosteroids) glucocorticoids
  (cortisol) raise blood glucose
  mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) reabsorption
  of Na and K

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Chapter 45 Chemical Signals in
AnimalsEndocrine system Hormones
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tropic hormones target endocrine glands
hypothalamus
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
posterior pituitary
Thyroid gland
anterior pituitary
Kidney tubules
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
oxytocin
Muscles of uterus
gonadotropic hormones follicle- stimulating horm
one (FSH) luteinizing hormone (LH)
melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
growth hormone (GH)
prolactin (PRL)
Adrenal cortex
Melanocyte in amphibian
Mammary glands in mammals
Bone and muscle
Ovaries
Testes
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Regulatory systems

• Hormone chemical signal secreted into body
  fluids (blood) communicating regulatory messages
• Target cells body cells that respond to hormones
• Endocrine system/glands hormone secreting
  system/glands (ductless) exocrine glands secrete
  chemicals (sweat, mucus, enzymes) through ducts
• Neurosecretory cells actual cells that secrete
  hormones
• Feedback mechanisms negative and positive

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Vertebrate Endocrine System

• Tropic hormones a
  hormone that has another endocrine gland as a
  target
• Hypothalamuspituitary
• Pituitary gland
• Pineal gland
• Thyroid gland
• Parathyroid glands
• Thymus
• Adrenal glands
• Pancreas
• Gonads (ovary, testis)

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Nervous Endocrine systems linked

• Hypothalamus master nerve control center
• nervous system
• receives information from nerves around body
  about internal conditions
• releasing hormones regulates release of hormones
  from pituitary
• Pituitary gland master gland
• endocrine system
• secretes broad rangeof tropic hormones
  regulating other glands in body

hypothalamus
posterior
pituitary
anterior
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The hypothalamus pituitary, I

• Releasing and inhibiting hormones
• Anterior pituitary
• Growth (GH)bones vgigantism/dwarfism
  vacromegaly
• Prolactin (PRL)mammary glands milk production
  
• Follicle-stimulating (FSH)
• Luteinizing (LH)ovaries/testes
• Thyroid-stimulating (TSH) thyroid
• Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) adrenal cortex
  
• Melanocyte-stimulating (MSH)
• Endorphinsnatural opiates brain pain
  receptors

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The pituitary, II

• The posterior pituitary
• Oxytocin uterine and mammary gland cell
  contraction
• Antidiuretic (ADH) retention of water
  by kidneys

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The pineal, thyroid, parathyroid

• Melatonin pineal gland biological rhythms
• Thyroid hormones Calcitonin lowers
  blood calcium Thyroxine metabolic processes
• Parathyroid (PTH) raises blood calcium

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Regulation of Blood Calcium
Endocrine System Control
Feedback
calcitonin
blood calcium level(10 mg/100mL)
activated Vitamin D
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
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Regulating metabolism

• Hypothalamus
• TRH TSH-releasing hormone
• Anterior Pituitary
• TSH thyroid stimulating hormone
• Thyroid
• produces thyroxine hormones
• metabolism development
• bone growth
• mental development
• metabolic use of energy
• blood pressure heart rate
• muscle tone
• digestion
• reproduction

tyrosine iodine
thyroxines
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The gonads

• Steroid hormones precursor is cholesterol
• androgens (testosterone) sperm formation male
  secondary sex characteristics gonadotropin
• estrogens (estradiol)uterine lining growth
  female secondary sex characteristics
  gonadotropin
• progestins (progesterone)uterine lining growth

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• Dispatch
• Answer the following (74-77)
• Fill in reflection sheet review area
• Conference with Morris cont

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Mr. Andersons Positive and Negative Feedback
Loopds