Chapters 20

1
Chapters 20 21 Notes
Protists Fungi
2
Kingdom Protista
3
Where Do We Find Protists?

• Protists live in water.

4

• Protists are found in oceans, streams, pond
  water, mud puddles, snow, inside other organisms,
  etc.

5
What Are Protists?

• Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic? Eukaryotic

6

• Unicellular or Multicellular?
• Unicellular

dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima
7

• Heterotrophic or Autotrophic?
• Both

Collodictyon
8
How Are Protists Classified?

• Protists are classified based on their nutrition.

9
There are three types of protists.

• a. Animal-like
• Ex. Amoeba, euglena, paramecium

10
b. Plant-like

• Ex. Algae, seaweed, kelp

11
c. Fungus-like

• Ex. Molds

12
Animal-like Protists

• Called Protozoans
• Protozoans are unicellular and heterotrophic.

13

• Protozoans are classified by their mode of
  motility. This means How they move.

14
Three Types of Motility

• Pseudopods are lobes of cytoplasm that move to
  surround and engulf food. They look like blobs.
• Example
• Amoeba

15

• Flagella are whip-like tails that propel the
  protozoa through the water.
• Example
• Euglena

16

• Cilia short, hairlike projections on the
  outside of the protozoans body.
• Example
• Paramecium

17
Plant-like Protists

• Autotrophic protists that get their nutrition
  through photosynthesis.
• These
• protists are
• called algae.

18

• There are 4 kinds of unicellular algae
  Euglenophytes, Chrysophytes, Diatoms and
  Dinoflagellates

19
Euglenophytes
20
Chrysophytes
Yellow-green algae,
"golden plants"
21
Diatoms
produce thin cell walls of silicon, main
component of glass
22
Dinoflagellates

• Often have two flagellaluminescent

23

• There are 3 kinds of multicellular algae green,
  red and brown algae

24
Green Algae

• Blue green algae

25
Red Algae
26
Brown Algae

• Sargassam

Padina durvillaei Alginic Acid, harvested from
brown algae, is used to make products such as
toothpaste, soap and ice cream.
27
Fungus-like Protists

• These protists break down dead organic matter
  just like fungi. These protists are considered
  decomposers.

28
Example Molds

• There are two types of molds
• slime molds
• water molds.

29
How Do Protists Affect Us?

• Phytoplankton, which are a form of algae, provide
  and maintain the earths oxygen levels through
  photosynthesis
• (supply almost
• ½ of the
• worlds oxygen)

30

• Protists can also cause diseases in plants
  animals. Ex are malaria, amoebic dysentery, and
  the potato famine.

31

• Many protists are used in foods such as ice
  cream, pudding, pancake syrups and sushi.

32
Red Tides

• Some dinoflagellates produce red tides when
  algae grow into enormous masses known as blooms

33
Red Tide
34

• The algal blooms rob the water of oxygen and can
  cause fish and other sea life to die

35

• The algal blooms can also put a toxin into
  shellfish (clams oysters) that eat them and
  that

toxin can be spread to humans and cause
serious illness and even death
36
Photo sites

• http//www2.mcdaniel.edu/Biology/PGclass/webpagepi
  ctures2/paramecium2.jpg
• http//volvocales.pbwiki.com/f/volvox-carteri.jpg
• http//www.des.ucdavis.edu/faculty/holyoak/didiniu
  m_small.jpg
• http//socialmediaanswers.com/wp-content/uploads/2
  008/11/mudpuddlemarch200844-300x200.jpg
• http//www.bbc.co.uk/essex/content/images/2008/04/
  08/snow_norsey_woods_470_470x352.jpg
• http//www.ucc.ie/academic/zeps/pages/Web_Page/Str
  eams.JPG
• http//www.atlasgeo.net/htmlp/OceanIndien3.htm
• http//faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.
  Gregory/files/Bio20102/Bio2010220lectures/proti
  sts/amoeba_proteus_X_100_small.jpg
• http//www.fiu.edu/reink/images/research6.jpg
• http//starcentral.mbl.edu/msr/rawdata/viewable/co
  llodictyon009_wbw.jpg
• http//www.coleharbourhigh.ednet.ns.ca/library/ima
  ges/bio11m20.jpg
• http//neo-science.net/images/products/450056.jpg
• http//www.planet-pets.com/amoeba1.jpg
• http//scienceblogs.com/clock/upload/2006/07/Eugle
  na.JPG
• http//www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/1244/600
  19219.JPG
• http//www.visitniugini.com/png/export/pics/galler
  ypictures/images/Algae.jpg
• http//www.itmonline.org/image/seaweed4.jpg
• http//www.cpawsbc.org/files/images/marine/mpas/ke
  lp.jpg
• http//atlanticbuildinginspections.com/mold.aspx

37
Photo sites

• http//hypnea.botany.uwc.ac.za/phylogeny/classif/i
  mages/3_euglenophytes.gif
• http//www.biologycorner.com/resources/chrys.jpg
• http//www.biologycorner.com/bio1/notes_plantlikep
  rotists.html
• http//crca.caloosahatchee.org/img/green_algae_080
  508_big.jpg
• http//ww.drsfostersmith.com/images/articles/a_red
  slimealgae_27159P_1.jpg
• http//www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/protista/reds/porphyr
  a.gif
• http//coris.noaa.gov/glossary/bluegreen_algae_186
  .jpg
• http//www.wetwebmedia.com/Algae20and20Plt20Pix
  /Brown20Algae/Sargassum.jpg
• http//www.museum.wa.gov.au/dampier/images/explore
  /flora/brownalgae/brownalgae03.jpg
• http//natureinfocus.com/gallery/download/302-2/Sl
  ime_Mold.jpg
• http//www.geocities.com/ymike2002/images/WATERMO.
  jpg
• http//silicasecchidisk.conncoll.edu/Pics/Other20
  Algae/Green_jpegs/Stigeoclonium_Key196.jpg
• http//images.spaceref.com/news/early.earth.jpg
• http//www.openhere.com/images/newsimgs/210chimes_
  malaria.jpg
• http//molecular.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/olympusmicd
  /galleries/moviegallery/images/pondscum/amoeba.jpg
  
• http//www.northwestern.edu/shared/cms/images/news
  center/2006/06/potato.jpg
• http//www.coolhunting.com/images/Ice_Cream_Keeper
  .jpg
• http//img.sushi.pro/nori.jpg
• http//www.germes-online.com/direct/dbimage/503218
  02/Carrageenan.jpg

38
Kingdom Fungi
The Fungus Among Us
39
What Are And Where Do Fungi Live?
40
Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?

• Eukaryotic

41
Unicellular or Multicellular?

• Multicellular

42
Heterotrophic or Autotrophic?

• Heterotrophic

Agaricus A. campetris
43

• Fungi grow in dark and moist places and feed on
  dead organic matter.

44
How Are Fungi Classified?

• Fungi are classified by their method of
  reproduction.

45
1. Asexual reproduction

• involves only one parent and does not involve
  the exchange of genetic information.

46
2. Sexual reproduction

• involves exchange of genetic information
  between two
• individuals.

47
Three Forms of Asexual Reproduction

• Budding a parent cell produces offspring by
  forming a small bud which then separates from the
  parent to form a new organism.

48

• Yeast cells are an example
• of budding. Yeast cells are
• unique among fungi because they are unicellular.

49
.

• Regeneration a piece of fungus breaks off and
  forms a new fungus.

50

• Spores reproductive cells that form new fungi

51
Groups of Fungi

• Common Molds includes molds that grow on meat,
  cheese bread

52
Mildew

• Sac Fungi includes cup fungi, but also yeast
  (unicellular)

53

• Club Fungi includes typical mushrooms that you
  buy from the store

54

• Imperfect Fungi includes Penicillium (makes
  Penicillin), athletes foot ringworm

55
Structure of a Typical Mushroom

• Label Cap, Annulus, Stipe, Gills Hyphae

CAP
GILLS
ANNULUS
STIPE (STALK)
HYPHAE
56
Fungi in the Biosphere

• Lichens are a symbiotic relationship between a
  fungus and a photosynthetic organism like algae.

57
Lichens

• In this relationship,
• the algae provides food
• for the fungus and the fungus provides shelter
  for the algae.
• What kind of symbiotic relationship is this?
• MUTUALISM

58
How Do Fungi Affect Us?

• Fungi are used in food. These include mushrooms,
  bread yeast to make bread, and some cheeses gain
  their flavor from the mold that grows on them.

59

• Fungi are decomposers and help maintain
  equilibrium in ecosystems.

60

• Diseases caused by fungi are athletes foot,
  ringworm, and thrush.

61
Fungi in Medicine

• Penicillin was found by accident by Alexander
  Fleming. This led to the discovery of
  antibiotics.

62

• Many fungi form antibiotics and have been very
  beneficial in the treatment against bacterial
  diseases.

63

• Never eat mushrooms that you didnt buy at the
  grocery store.
• Many mushrooms look like the edible kind but are
  poisonous.

64
Fungus photo sites

• http//www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/fungus_dive
  rsity.jpg
• http//www.adnet.ie/blogs/media/mushroom.jpg
• http//www.world-of-fungi.org/Introduction/evolut1
  .jpg
• http//www.hampshirefare.co.uk/images/Leckford20m
  ushrooms20growing.JPG
• http//attra.ncat.org/images/Woodlot2.jpg
• http//sparkleberrysprings.com/v-web/b2/images/j/j
  ackolantern3.jpg
• http//gourmetposter.com/poisonous.jpg
• http//users.ixpres.com/dpcharp/BPChap3_files/ima
  ge032.jpg
• http//www.silverfalls.k12.or.us/staff/read_shari/
  modbudding.jpg
• http//www.cbv.ns.ca/MCHS/diversity/fungi.jpg
• http//www.purdue.edu/envirosoft/lawn/images/fairy
  1.jpg
• http//io.uwinnipeg.ca/simmons/16cm05/1116/31-15-
  BuddingYeast.jpg
• http//suddenoakdeath.org/assets/images/fungus.jpg
  
• http//forums.mycotopia.net/attachments/holding-ta
  nk/65649d1193592337-woodlover-regeneration-tek-den
  sification-rhizomorphs-layering-rhizo_o_azur_13d.j
  pg
• http//www5.pbrc.hawaii.edu/microangela/mbread2go.
  jpg
• http//www.botos.com/weekly/imgp6685a_800.jpg
• http//www.davidlnelson.md/Cazadero/CazImages/Comm
  on_mold_Rhizopus_small.jpg
• http//rainforest-australia.com/pics/Cup_fu28.jpg
• http//www.davidlnelson.md/Cazadero/CazImages/Asco
  mycetes_small.jpg