Tanaman Makanan Food Crops AGR3502

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Tanaman MakananFood CropsAGR3502
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Corn Maize

• Zea mays
• familyPoaceae

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Maize Taxonomy, Morphology and Reproduction

• Maize (Zea mays L.) is a member of the grass
  family, Poaceae (Gramineae)
• It is unique among the cereal crops because it is
  monoecious (it bears separate male and female
  inflorescences on the same plant).
• The main stem terminates in a tassel (male
  inflorescence), and the grain is borne on lateral
  shoots (ears).

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Maize - morphology

• Maize generally has one main stem, but some
  varieties can produce tillers.
• The maize stem is round and erect, with
  conspicuous nodes and internodes.
• Unlike many grasses, the stem is solid rather
  than hollow. The leaves are borne in an alternate
  pattern on opposite sides of the stem.

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Morphology corn ear

• Most commercial varieties of field corn produce a
  single ear.
• Ear shoots grow in the leaf axils below the top
  ear, but generally do not develop unless the top
  ear is removed, or the plants are widely spaced
  in the field. Sweet corn and popcorn varieties
  are often prolific (have more than one ear per
  plant).

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Corn grains

• Maize is a large-seeded plant that can be rapidly
  multiplied.
• A single cob of maize can produce about 800
  seeds, which would be enough to plant about 100
  m2 of corn

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Importance, history and adaptation

• The crop that is grown widely throughout the
  world in a range of agroecological environments.
•  The grains are rich in vitamins A,
• C and E, carbohydrates, and essential
  minerals, and contain 9 protein. They are also
  rich in dietary fiber and calories which are a
  good source of energy.

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..cont

•  In industrialized countries, maize is largely
  used as livestock feed and as a raw material for
  industrial products.
• In some countries, consumed as a vegetable
  although it is a grain crop.
• Biofuel for the future

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Brief history of corn

• The likeliest primary center of origin is Central
  America and Mexico. Based on diverse types of
  corn found there.

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Adaptation

• Can be grown from latitude 58oN to 35oS. From
  sea level to 4,000 m altitudes.
• Crop cycle from 50-330 days.
• Modern varieties mature between 90-120 days.

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Corn producer
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Percentage contribution by countries
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Climatic requirement

• Ideal temp. 20-27oC
• not less than 10oC
• not more than 30oC
• Water requirement as low as 150 mm to
• 5100 mm of rainfall annually.

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Uses of Corn

• Typical uses of maize grain in the USA
•  0.2 Seed
•  1.2 Food
•  2.6 Starch
•  5.0 Alcohol
•  8.0 Sweeteners
•  50.1 Animal feed
•  22.6 Exports
•  10.3 Ending stocks

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Corn use in developing countries

• In developing countries, an average of 30 of
  maize produced is used for direct human
  consumption.
• In sub Saharan Africa, about 70 of the maize
  crop is used for human consumption. Green maize
  (fresh, on the cob) is an important food source
  early in the rainy season.

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Any questions
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Types of corn
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Classification of maize based on endosperm
The endosperm consists of starch granules
embedded in a protein matrix. Flinty endosperm
has a more rigid protein structure and is also
higher in protein content than floury endosperm.
Flint, floury and dent maize varieties(a
flinty endosperm b floury endosperm c germ
and d dent)Source IITA, Nigeria
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Types of corn

• Seven types or groups based on endosperm
  characteristics
• Dent
• Flint
• Flour
• Pop
• Sweet
• Waxy
• pod

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Types of corn

• Dent (indentata)
• When the grain dries,
• a pronounced wrinkle
• or dent forms on top
• of the kernel.
• The shrinkage of the
• soft starch.

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Dent.cont

• Usage
• Animal feed
• Cooking oil

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Types of corn

• Flint (indurata)
• The endosperm is soft and
• starchy.
• Usage human and animal feed

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Types of corn

• Flour (amylaceae)
• The seed composed almost entirely of soft
  starch and can be white, blue or variegated.
• Usage human food.

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Types of corn

• Pop (Everta)
• The endosperm is hard and small size kernel.
• Usage human as snack

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Types of corn

• Sweet (saccharata)
• The kernels are tanslucent and wrinkled at
  maturity.
• Usage human

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Sweet Corn

• Sweet - Sweet varieties have one or more genes
  which interfere with the conversion of sugar to
  starch. Most of the genes controlling sweetness
  are recessive, so production fields must be well
  isolated from normal (field) corn

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Types of corn

• Waxy (ceratina)
• The kernels contain high amylopectin.
  Resembles tapioca starch
• Usage special food and adhesives

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Types of corn

• Pod
• Each kernel is enclosed in a pod or husk.
  The endosperm characteristics can be any of the
  above.
• Usage primitive corn

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Corn Production in Malaysia

• Malaysia does not grow enough corn for its use
• It imports a large amount of corn especially for
  livestock feed poultry and swine production
• Most of the local corn planted is for human
  consumption mainly sweet corn

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Area Production of Field Crops in Malaysia
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Corn in Malaysia
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Malaysian Corn Production
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Malaysian Corn Imports
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Book on Prospects of Grain Corn Production in
Malaysia
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Panduan Menanam Jagung Jabatan Pertanian Negeri
Perak
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Tambahan Kawasan Baru Sayur-sayuran Mengikut
Jenis, 2011-2020 (Hektar) JENIS SAYUR TAMBAHAN
KAWASAN BAHARU (HA) Jagung 1,000 Timun 900
Kacang Panjang 800 Terung 800 Bendi 700
Cili 700 Petola 400 Tomato 400 Halia
300 Kacang Buncis 300 Kubis Bulat 300 Sawi
300 Ubi Kayu 300 Ubi Keledek 300 Bayam
200 Labu Manis 200 Peria 200 Cendawan 90
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Berbekal minat dan pengalaman yang dimiliki dalam
bidang pertanian, seorang petani muda, Nor Azmi
Idris, 34,