The Rise of Dictators and Totalitarian Regimes pre- WWII

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The Rise of Dictators and Totalitarian Regimes
pre- WWII

• Section 1 Steps to War

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The Rise of Dictators

• Germany was treated severely after WWI (stripped
  of territory, forced to disarm, pay reparations)
• Worldwide Depression also hit many people
  looked to new leaders to solve problems

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• Dictators (absolute rulers) seized power in many
  countries, which became totalitarian regimes
• Dictator a ruler with unrestricted
  power, without any democratic
• restrictions
• Totalitarian state govt uses intimidation,
  violence, propaganda, to rule all aspects of
  social political life

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• Rise of dictatorships in Italy, Germany, Japan,
  Soviet Union after World War I
• The MAJOR Dictators
• -Benito Mussolini in Italy
• -Adolf Hitler in Germany
• -Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union
• Others
• Emperor Hirohito Tojo in Japan
• Francisco Franco in Spain

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Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union)

• Communist leader (Russia became Communist 1917)
• Controlled every aspect of peoples lives
• Eliminated all competition to him in order to
  stay in power

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Stalin cont.

• Focus on building industry military (ignoring
  the needs of the people)
• Restrict media (censorship) travel
• Secret Police govt controlled courts
• Great Purge millions were convicted
• Millions died under Stalin executions or labour
  camps (Gulags in Siberia)

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Benito Mussolini (Italy)

• Il Duce(the leader)
• Preached a government called Fascism includes
  intense patriotism nationalism
• Very much linked to racism and cultural
  superiority
• Chauvinist

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• Blackshirts
• Attacked communists socialists
• Gained seats democratically
• Then seized power in a March on Rome

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Adolf Hitler (Germany)

• Leader of the Nazi Party (1921)
• Spoke about German racial superiority
• Wanted revenge for Germanys loss in World War I
• Lebensraum

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Hitler cont.

• 1932 Nazis largest party in Reichstag
• 1933 Hitler becomes Chancellor
• Eliminates political parties
• Uses secret police(Gestapo)
• Defies T of V

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The Master Race

• Aryans supposedly pure race
• Non-Aryans, especially Jewish people, Roma, Slavs
  considered inferior targeted
• Targets also included
• mentally physically handicapped
• Communists
• Homosexuals

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Jews especially targeted

• Nuremberg Laws - wear star of David
• - banned inter-marriage
• - limited professions
• 1938 Kristallnacht (Crystal night)
• -Nazi mobs attacked Jewish homes businesses
• Later became illegal to own businesses, or travel
• Hitler Himmler institute Final Solution

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Spain Francisco Franco 1939-1975

• 1936 Fascist rebels Nationalists overthrow
  government
• Results in 3 yr civil war
• 1200 Cdn volunteers (Mac-Paps)
• Canada made it illegal to fight foreign wars
• Hitler Mussolini support Franco

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Japan

• Emperor Hirohito
• Militarists seize control
• Hideki Tojo General
• Secret police
• Nationalism
• Notions of Racial superiority
• expansionist

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Dictators Expand Territory IMPERIALISM

• 1931 Japan attacks Manchuria in northern China
• Japan wants more natural resources for its
  growing population (Manchuria is rich in natural
  resources)

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Italy invades Ethiopia

• 1935 Italy invaded Ethiopia in Africa
• Mussolini wanted new areas to expand his empire
  in Africa

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Germany Begins Conquests

• 1936 Hitler moves troops into the Rhineland
  (German region near the French border)
• WWI treaty said no German troops here
• French Govt and League of Nations TAKE NO
  ACTION

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German-Italian Alliance

• Germany and Italy form the Axis Powers
• Now two dictators with stated goals of
  expansion are good friends
• Axis Powers help Spains Fascist military
  overthrow its elected government (Spanish Civil
  War)

Mussolini and Hitler
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Hitler begins his own Conquests

• 1938 Hitler and the Germans invade Austria
  (most Austrians spoke German and welcomed
  becoming a part of Germany)
• ButHitler and the Germans were expanding and
  the WWI treaty told them not to

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The Sudetenland

• After taking Austria Hitler wants more
• His next desire is the Sudetenland in
  Czechoslovakia
• The Czechs didnt want to give this area to
  Germany nor did France and Russia

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Germanys Expansion
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Appeasement at Munich

• The British step in to offer a peace and avoid
  war
• British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain meets
  with Hitler in Munich, Germany
• They agree to give Hitler the Sudetenland
• Hitler has to promise he is done seeking territory

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Reactions to Munich

• Neville Chamberlain, the British Prime Minister
  who came up with the agreement, said that he had
  achieved peace in our time

• Winston Churchill, the future Prime Minister,
  said Britain and France had to choose between
  war and shame. They chose shame. They will get
  war, too.

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Hitler breaks his promise Germany Starts the War

• After being given Sudetenland Hitler takes the
  rest of Czechoslovakia
• Hitler signs a Non-Aggression Pact with Stalin
  and the Soviet Union (they agree to not make war
  on each other) now France and Britain have lost
  an ally
• Immediately after Germany invades Poland
  (France Britain declare war on Germany) WWII
  officially begins

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In summary

• Causes of WWII similar to causes of WWI
• Nationalism (Mussolini and Hitler VERY
  nationalistic)
• Arms Race Germany, Italy and Japan spent a lot of
  money building up the military and formed the
  Axis Powers
• Imperialism- Larger countries continued to try to
  gain more land overseas (ex Italy takes Ethiopia
  and Japan takes Manchuria and Germany takes
  Czechoslovakia)

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In summary

• Causes of WWII different from causes of WWI
• Treaty of Versailles-Made Germans angry
• The Great Depression- made people very poor and
  desperate for change. People more willing to
  follow dictators.

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Causes of WWI and WWII Venn Diagram

• What were the causes of WWI?
• How were they the same or different from the
  causes of WWII? Fill out a Venn Diagram to show
  the similarities and differences between the
  causes of WWI and WWII.