Figure 24

1
Figure 245 The Structure of a Flower
Section 24-1
I. Carpel female a. Stigma traps pollem
b. Style supports stigma forms a
pollen tube c. Ovary becomes fruit d.
Ovule- becomes seeds II. Stamen male a.
Anther- produces pollen b. Filament- supports
anther III. Petals attract pollinators IV.
Sepals protect flower bud while it is developing
2
From flower to fruit
Flowers, fruits and seeds
3

• III. Why are seed plants more successful that
  spore producing plants?

4
A. Gametophyte generation is very tiny (only a
few cells). In gymnosperms and angiosperms it is
protected inside seeds and fruits so the young of
seed plants tend to survive better. The spores of
ferns and mosses must land in a wet habitat. If
they do not, they will die.

• B. Sperm does not have to swim thru water- it is
  carried by wind or animals during pollination.
  This enables seed plants to live in dryer
  habitats. It also increases reproductive success.

5
Name 5 Characteristics all Plants share

• Eukaryotic
• Cell Wall of Cellulose
• All Multicellular
• Autotrophs- Use Photosynthesis
• Reproduce Sexually and Asexually

6
Scientist believe all plants probably evolved
from what common ancestor?

• Freshwater Multicellular Green Algae

7
What evidence suggests that all plants probbably
evolved from a multicellular green algae?

• 1. Similar life cycles (alternation of
  generations)
• 2. Cellulose in cell walls
• 3. Similar pigments like chlorophyll
• 4. DNA evidence

8
What group of plants has NO Vascular tissues and
relies on water for reproduction because it doews
not produce seeds?

• Bryophytes

9
What group of plants has has vascular tissue but
still relies on water for reproduction because it
does not produce seeds?

• Ferns and their relatives

10
This group of plants were the first to produce
seeds allowing plants to live away from water
sources.
Gymnosperms
11
This group of plants is the most successful
because of their ability to produce flowers and
enclose their seeds within a fruit.
Angiosperms
12
Plant Structures and Tissues
13
Figure 226  A Cladogram of Plant Groups
Section 22-1
Go to Section
14
Figure 241 Evolution of the Gametophyte and the
Sporophyte
Section 24-1
Gametophyte (N) Sporophyte (2N)
Bryophytes
Ferns
Seed plants
15
Figure 2219 The Structure of a Seed

• Basic Structures in Plants
• A. Seed embryo of a plant that is protected by
  a covering and surrounded by a food supply
• 1. Can remain dormant for many years
• 2. Environmental factors (temperature and
  moisture) end dormancy

Section 22-4
B
A
Go to Section
16

• 3. Many modified for easy dispersal
• a. Light weight - can float in water and in the
  air
• b. Textured seed coats that stick to animal fur
• c.Winged seeds can fly long distances away
  from parent plant

17

• d. Angiosperm seeds are surrounded by fleshy
  fruits that are eaten by animals allowing seeds
  to be dispersed
• e. Seeds of Gymnosperms develop inside of
  protective cones

18
Figure 237 The Structure of a Root
Vascular Tissues- system of tubes throughout a
plant two types xylem and phloem
Section 23-2
1. Xylem - transports water from the roots to
the rest of the plant 2. Phloem - transports the
products of photosynthesis (sugars) from the
leaves to the rest of the plant
19
Figure 237 The Structure of a Root
Roots absorb water and nutrients, anchor the
plant, store food
Section 23-2
Epidermis
Ground tissue(cortex)
VascularCylinder
20
Stems supports plant, contains vascular tissue
to transport water and nutrients between the
roots and leaves
Section 23-1
Leaf
Stem
Root
Dermal tissue Vascular tissue Ground tissue
21

• Two types of growth occur in stems and roots
• Primary growth from the tips of the roots and
  the shoots at areas called apical meristem
• Secondary growth in the width of the plant.
  (tree rings)

22
Transpiration
Section 23-5
A
B
Evaporation of water molecules out of leaves.
Pull of water molecules upward from the roots.
23

• E. Leaves carry out photosynthesis and
  transpiration
• Epidermis - outer layer that covers the leaf.
  skin
• Cuticle waxy covering over the epidermis that
  prevents the plant from drying out
• Mesophyll - middle layer of cells that carry out
  photosynthesis and exchange of the gases CO2 and
  O2

24
Figure 2318 The Internal Structure of a Leaf
Section 23-4
Cuticle
Veins
Epidermis
mesophyll
Xylem
Vein
Phloem
mesophyll
Epidermis
Stomata
Guardcells
25

• 4. Stomata openings on the bottom of the leaf
  that allow gases to enter and leave
• 5. Guard cells cells around the stomata that
  open and close the stomata

26

• When the guard cells are full of water, the
  stomata is open. When they do not have water the
  stomata is closed. (This helps the plant conserve
  water when it is dry. Stomata are usually closed
  at night. (no sun no photosynthesis)

27
Figure 2318 The Internal Structure of a Leaf
Section 23-4
Cuticle
Veins
Epidermis
mesophyll
Xylem
Vein
Phloem
mesophyll
Epidermis
Stomata
Guardcells
28
23-4 Structure and Function of Leaves
29

• F. Flowers reproductive structures present only
  in Angiosperms. Pollination occurs mostly by
  animals (best adaptation!) Many angiosperms have
  mutual relationships with animals like insects,
  bats, or birds. As animals gather nectar from
  flowers, they also transfer pollen from flower to
  flower helping the plant reproduce. Many animal
  species are flower specific- they only gather
  nectar from one type of flower. After pollination
  and fertilization, seeds develop inside
  protective fruits.

30
Figure 245 The Structure of a Flower
Section 24-1
I. Carpel female a. Stigma traps pollen
b. Style supports stigma forms a pollen tube for
sperm to reach egg c. Ovary becomes fruit
d. Ovule- eggs that becomes seeds II. Stamen
male a. Anther- produces pollen b.
Filament- supports anther c. pollen carries
sperm III. Petals attract pollinators IV.
Sepals protect flower bud while it is developing