Chapter%2023%20

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Chapter 23 War and Revolutionsection 1 The
Road to World War I
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Causesof theWar
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Nationalism
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Nationalism

• Can be a unifying force, but also leads to fierce
  competition
• The key players in these nationalistic rivalries
  were Germany, Austria-Hungary, Great Britain,
  Russia, Italy, and France.
• While Britain was the first to industrialize,
  Germany was quickly competing with Britain for
  industrial dominance.
• A particularly intense rivalry existed between
  Austria-Hungary and Russia over the Balkans.
• Slavic minorities in the Balkans and
  Austro-Hungarian Empire still dreamed of their
  own national states.

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Imperialism

• Since the mid-1800s, European nations competed
  for wealth and resources around the globe (ex.
  The Boer War.)

• As competition continued, rivalries and mistrust
  grew.

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Militarism
Definition the aggressive preparation for war
1910-1914 Increase in Defense Expenditures
France 10
Britain 13
Russia 39
Germany 73

• In 1914, mobilization of a nations army was
  considered an act of war.
• In short, nationalism/imperialism lead to
• an intense arms race . . .

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Entangling Alliances

• Rivalry and mistrust? an alliance system,
  everyone wanted to make sure they had someone to
  back them up.

Triple Entente
Triple Alliance
Germany
England
Austria-Hungary
France
WAR!
Russia
Italy
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The Outbreak of WarThe Spark
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The Balkans, 1914
The Powder Kegof Europe

• As Ottoman Empire declined, ethnic groups in the
  Balkan area (Bulgaria, Serbia, Bosnia) sought
  independence.
• Austria-Hungary and Russia have interests in
  exerting their interests in the area
• 1914, Serbia supported by Russia, determined to
  create an independent Slavic state in the
  Balkins. A-H, Slavic population didnt support .

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Tensions Increase

• A-H vows to respond to any Serb aggression.
• Russia secretly assures Serbia they will support
  them.
• Enter the Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his family

• The archduke was the heir to A-H throne, and
  decided to tour Bosniaperhaps in a show of
  strength
• Gavrilo Princip, a 19-year old member of Serbian
  nationalist group the Black Hand shot the
  archduke and his wife point-blank.

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The Assassination Sarajevo
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The Assassin
GavriloPrincip
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• The Outbreak of War
• After half-hearted negotiations, A-H declared war
  on Serbia on July 28, 1914 . . . The alliance
  system then dragged all of Europe into war?
• Chain reaction of 1914
• To support her ally (Serbia), Russia moved troops
  toward the A-H border (July 28)?
• Germany, supporting her ally (A-H) declared war
  on Russia (Aug. 2) and two days later, also
  declared war on (Russias ally) France.
• Germany declared war on neutral Belgium (Aug.4)
• Great Britain, feeling the threat and supporting
  her ally, France, declared war on Germany (Aug.
  4)
• ?WWI!

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Whos To Blame?
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The Schlieffen Plan
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Mobilization

• Home by Christmas!
• No major war in 50 years!

A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier
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Trench Warfare
No Mans Land
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Trench Warfare
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Poison Gas
Machine Gun
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FlameThrowers
GrenadeLaunchers
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Krupps Big Bertha Gun
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French Renault Tank
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British Tank at Ypres
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The Airplane
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U-Boats
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War Is HELL !!
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Sacrifices in War
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The Somme July, 1916

• 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.
• Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

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Womenand theWarEffort
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Financing the War
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For Recruitment
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Munitions Workers
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French Women Factory Workers
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German Women Factory Workers
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Working in the Fields
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A Woman Ambulance Driver
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Red Cross Nurses
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Women in the Army Auxiliary
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Russian Women Soldiers
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Spies

• Mata Hari
• Real Name Margareetha Geertruide
  Zelle
• German Spy!

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PostersWartimePropaganda
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Australian Poster
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American Poster
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Financing the War
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German Poster
Think of Your Children!
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The Western Front A War of Attrition
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A Multi-Front War
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The Western Front
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TheEasternFront
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The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915
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Turkish Cavalry in Palestine
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T. E. Lawrence the Arab Revolt, 1916-18
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T. E. Lawrence Prince Faisal at Versailles,
1918-19
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The Tsar with General Brusilov
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TheColonialFronts
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Sikh British Soldiers in India
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Fighting in Africa
Black Soldiers in the German SchutztruppenGerman
E. Africa
British Sikh Mountain Gunners
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Fighting in Africa
3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade
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Fighting in Salonika, Greece
French colonial marine infantry fromCochin,
China - 1916
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AmericaJoinstheAllies
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The Sinking of the Lusitania
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The Zimmerman Telegram
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The YanksAre Coming!
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Americans in the Trenches
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The War of theIndustrial RevolutionNewTech
nology
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Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats
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The Flying Aces of World War I
FrancescoBarraco, It.
Eddie MickMannoch, Br.
Eddie Rickenbacher, US
Manfred vonRichtoffen, Ger.The Red Baron
Rene PaukFonck, Fr.
Willy Coppens deHolthust, Belg.
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Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant
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Looking for the Red Baron?
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The Zeppelin
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ArtofWorldWar I
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A Street in ArrasJohn Singer Sargent, 1918
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Oppy Wood John Nash, 1917
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Those Who Have Lost Their NamesAlbin
Eggar-Linz, 1914
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Gassed and WoundedEric Kennington, 1918
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Paths of GloryC. R. W. Nevinson, 1917
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German CartoonFit for active service!, 1918
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1918 Flu Pandemic Depletes All Armies
50,000,000 100,000,000 died
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11 a.m., November 11, 1918
The Armistice is Signed!
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9,000,000 Dead
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The Somme American Cemetary, France
116,516 Americans Died
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World War I Casualties
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Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!
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Turkish Genocide Against Armenians
Districts Vilayets of Western Armenia in Turkey 1914 1914 1922
Erzerum 215,000 215,000 1,500
Van 197,000 197,000 500
Kharbert 204,000 204,000 35,000
Diarbekir 124,000 124,000 3,000
Bitlis 220,000 220,000 56,000
Sivas 225,000 225,000 16,800
       
Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey      
Western Anatolia 371,800 371,800 27,000
Cilicia and Northern Syria 309,000 309,000 70,000
European Turkey 194,000 194,000 163,000
Trapizond District 73,390 73,390 15,000
Total Total 2,133,190 387,800
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Recruitment Posters