The Medici family in Florence, Italy was an example of a wealthy ruling family. They supported artists as patrons and pushed the Renaissance along.

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The Medici family in Florence, Italy was an
example of a wealthy ruling family. They
supported artists as patrons and pushed
the Renaissance along.
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• Rome became more political during this time. The
  Popes sent ambassadors to other nations,
  collected taxes and tithes, and
  fought wars.

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• The worst of them was Pope Alexander, who bribed
  the cardinals to vote for him. He then
  let his family spend the
  churchs money.

His monument to himself.
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• These powerful people, although corrupt,
  supported artists and architects. With more
  opportunities, art thrived.

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• Renaissance artists tried to create images as
  lifelike as possible (no more landscapes!)
  The best were Leonardo da Vinci,
  Michelangelo Buonarroti, and
  Raphael Santi.

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• Chapter 16, Section ii, N. Renais.
• Northern Europe was eager to imitate Italys
  progress and began to copy what Italy was doing.

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• The spread of ideas has always been facilitated
  by trade, but a new invention, Johannes
  Gutenbergs printing press (1456), helped ideas
  spread faster.

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• More northern progress
• New literary styles.
• Growth of an educated middle class.
• New architecture.
• Study of new ideas in medicine, botany, and
  navigation.

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• There was a growth of humanism in the north as
  well, but this took the form of Christian
  Humanism. Their goal was to purify the corrupt
  Church.
• (All individuals have value and can improve, even
  corrupt Church officials.)

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• The most famous Christian Humanist was Desiderius
  Erasmus, who encouraged the study of Greek and
  Hebrew and he attacked the
  corruption of Church officials.

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• Northern art made as much progress as the
  Italians did. They learned to paint with oils
  (no more eggs.) The best among them were Jan van
  Eyck, and Pieter Brueghel.

Jan van Eyck on perspective.
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Old style, before oils and perspective.
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• New style Raphaels portrait of Julius II.

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• Most people avoided England until the end of the
  War of the Roses. Only then did England
  participate in the Renaissance. They
  contributed that Shakespeare guy.

How do I love thee Let me count the ways!!
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• Prot. Refor.
• The Renaissance values of humanism and secularism
  led to criticism of the Churchs extravagance and
  corruption.

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• Protestants were people who believe that they
  can interpret Gods word on their own, without
  the Popes interpretation.

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Martin Luther German monk, priest, and general
malcontent.
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Jan Hus and John Wycliffe translated the Bible
into native languages. Of course, the Catholic
Church was angry about this and tried to kill
them. They dug up Wycliffes body and burned it.
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• In the tradition of Hus and Wycliffe, the German
  monk Martin Luther read Pauls epistle to the
  Romans He who through faith is righteous shall
  live.
• This would be the foundation for justification
  by faith.

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• Luther found the Churchs actions detestable.
  Pope Leo X tried to raise money by selling
  church positions (simony) and sold
  indulgences. Luther was mad!

Bling, Bling!
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• The Church also began to sell get out of Hell
  free documents for dead relatives (Your dad was
  a sinner? No problem! You want to sin? No
  problem! Have a child buy you out
  of Hell after you die!)

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• Once you hear the moneys ring, the soul from
  purgatory is free to spring! This was a popular
  jingle. According to the Church, purgatory was
  where the soul would wait until it was
  made fit for heaven.

Purgatory
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• Luther, a professor and priest in Wittenberg,
  Germany, preached against these practices.

Rodins Baptist Preaching
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• In 1517, he nailed a list of 95 grievances (the
  95 Theses) on the door of Wittenberg Castle (your
  book says church.)

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• The Pope and Luther argued a lot!

Youre goin down Luther!
Talks cheap Vatican boy!
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• In 1520, Pope Leo X formally condemned Luther and
  banned his writings. Luther was excommunicated,
  although to him this was no big deal, cause he
  believed that salvation came through faith.

Its all about me!
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• A council of German princes was then held in
  Worms to try to bring Luther back into the
  Church. It didnt work. He was
  declared an outlaw and a
  heretic.

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• Luther was kept safe by a friend, Prince
  Frederick of Saxony. While in hiding, he
  translated the New Testament into German.

Die
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• The fundamental question was whether or not a
  person could read the Bible for themselves or
  whether they needed the Pope to interpret
  scripture for them. (Its hard to say unless you
  already know what the Bible says about it.) Is it
  just a form of control by the Church?

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• While Catholicism stressed the importance of
  church teaching and good works, Lutheranism
  stressed the Bibles authority and faith.

I do what I want!
Do what the Bible says!
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• Lutheran services were centered on Biblical
  preaching in a native language rather than on
  tradition and rituals in Latin (which no one
  understood.)

Tradition? If tradition was so important, you
should have stuck with Judaism! Might as well be
a Protestant!
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• Luther said that the clergy was not a hierarchy,
  but a community of believers and that all jobs
  could serve God, not just the priesthood.

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• The common people rose up to kill their princes
  now that they were all equal in the sight of
  God. Luther backed the princes when they
  violently put down the rebellion.

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Spread of Pr. Other reformers spoke up, like
Huldrych Zwingli (Im not making this up!) in
Switzerland. He wanted to establish a theocracy.
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• In the mid-1500s, John Calvin established a
  reform group in Switzerland. Calvin said that
  God knew and controlled everything. Therefore,
  He chose who was going to heaven
  predestination.

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• This Calvinism helped promote the Protestant
  faith among Western Europeans.

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• With Protestants and Catholics disagreeing about
  theology so ardently and each claiming that God
  was on their side, war
  was inevitable.

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• The 30 Years War was a mess. Protestant and
  Catholic armies fought back and forth across
  Germany, Switzer -land,
  and north- western
  Europe.

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• Fighting lasts for 30 years
• 1/3 of the population of the German states died.
• War ends with the Peace of Westphalia
• France gains territory in Spain and Germany
• Hapsburgs lost most of their power
• Germany divided into 360 separate states

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• Other consequences of the 30 Years War
  (1618-1648)
• New military strategies (pikes, mounted firearms,
  mobile artillery, muskateers with matchlocks)
• Death of the King of Sweden
• New militaristic mind set of European rulers

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Pikes
Gustavus Adolphus (Gustav II Adolf), King of
Sweden
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• Each side agreed to finally stop the fighting and
  that each Prince could determine the religion in
  their own land. This was the Treaty of
  Westphalia! Most important
  item this semester!!!

Sign here.
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• The Treaty of Westphalia established the concept
  of the modern nation state, where there are fixed
  boundaries. This marks the end of Empires and
  the end of the Medieval Period.

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