New Spain Est. 1565

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New SpainEst. 1565
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(No Transcript)
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• Do Now Talk to your neighbor about
• Some of the struggles the colonists faced
• Why are there so many Spanish influences in North
  and South America?
• Read
• New Spain article
• Yellow text p. 110-115
• Complete Chart
• Enrichment
• Cranky Colonials
• Spain and France in First p.14-39

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New Spain

• http//teacher.ocps.net/kerry.hancock/media/chapte
  r4lesson3.pdf

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The Most Powerful Country in the World!!!

• Spain dominated the lands and peoples
• around the Caribbean
• deep into both North and South America
• 1492 -1550
• What did other European counties think?
• Fearful of the Spanish growing in strength and
  wealth
• Believed the Spanish were unusually cruel to the
  natives
• All Europeans were arrogant and cruel in their
  treatment of nativesthe Spanish simply got a
  head start on them

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Conquests

• Slavery
• replacement workers for the Taino
• to toil in their gold mines, cattle ranches, and
  sugar plantations
• raided the mainland of Central America
• seizing natives to sell to miners and planters
• later expanded their slave raiding to the
  villages from the Gulf Coast to Venezuela to
  South Carolina and later to Africa

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Aztec Empire

• Aztec empire in Central America
• had cities with stone temples and palaces, and
  fields of maize, squashes, and beans
• demanded tributes from their people for
  sacrifices to their gods

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Hernán Cortéz

• Invaded the Aztec empire
• on his own authority and defied his superior the
  governor of Cuba
• Killed the emperor and took over the Aztec
  capitol city
• fighting lasted over four months
• How did he defeat the Aztecs?
• won the support of the people who were
• tired of giving tributes to the Aztecs
• his army had cannons, muskets, steel
• armor, swords, and horses

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Francisco Pizarro

• conquered the Inca empire of Peru
• in the 1530s
• 180 men
• Found more gold than any other conquistador

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Wasnt it against their religion?

• Disease spread and wiped out/weakened natives
• confirmation that God favored their triumph
• Forcing pagans to accept Christianity and Spanish
  rule
• Plunder, death, abuse, and slavery were necessary
  evils
• Indians who failed to accept Spanish rule and
  Christian conversion deserved the deaths and/or
  harsh punishments they received from a just war

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Disagreement among Missionaries

• The Indians should entirely surrender their
  traditional culture to adopt the uncompromising
  ways and beliefs of their conquerors.
• Priests oversaw the destruction of native
  temples, prohibited most traditional dances, and
  obligated natives to build new churches and adopt
  the rituals of the Catholic faith
• Many Indians did so in public, but continued to
  venerate their old idols in secret

• Friars argued that peaceful persuasion would be
  more effective in converting the natives to
  Christianity and Hispanic civilization
• Some wrote letters asking to King to write laws
  protecting the natives and punishing those who
  disobeyed.

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Native Point of View

• Mexican Indians privately nurtured a mythic
  understanding of the Spanish conquest as
  cosmically insignificant and ephemeralof no more
  enduring significance that the many previous
  cycles of rising and falling native powers
• Having experienced the Aztecs and Toltecs
  previously, the natives of Mexico expected to
  outlast their Spanish masters
• Because of the internal nature of native
  resistance, the missionaries could achieve no
  more than a compromise in matters of faith and
  practice

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Colonists

• During the 16th century, the New World drew about
  250,000 Spanish emigrants
• Early in the 16th century almost all emigrants
  were young single men
• By the 1570s the number of women increased but
  remained less than a third of the total
• Male emigrants usually took wives among the
  Indian population which created mixed offspring
  known as mestizos

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• The increasing racial and cultural complexity of
  New Spain challenged the stark and simple
  dualities of the conquest
• Spaniard and Indian
• Christian and pagan
• Conqueror and conquered
• The colonial authorities developed a complex new
  racial hierarchy known as the castas which ranked
  people from the pure African and Indian at the
  bottom, through multiple gradations of mixtures
  to the pinnacle of the pure Spaniard.

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• The higher castas enjoyed greater legal
  privileges at the expense of the lower
• By 1574, there were 121 chartered towns in the
  Americas
• Charters entrusted local power to cabildos or
  town councils where all power is vested in a few
  persons or in a dominant classthe wealthy
• Towns were arranged around a central plaza where
  the wealthiest lived

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Wealth

• The quickest way to obtain American wealth was to
  steal it on the high seas
• The Dutch, English, and French all encouraged
  private investors to attack and plunder Spanish
  ships
• In the 1550s, French pirates extended their raids
  into the Caribbean
• Spanish developed galleons in response

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Sir Francis Drake
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Spanish Armada
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• Wanted to seize control of the English Channel
  and permit an invasion by Spanish troops posted
  in the Netherlands
• Consisted of 130 warships carrying 2,431 cannon
  and 22,000 sailors and soldiers
• The smaller English ships were faster and more
  mobile
• This win emboldened the English to escalte their
  maritime predator activities

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Alvar Nuñez Cabeza de Vaca
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• 1527Vaca left Spain as a part of a royal
  expedition intended to occupy the mainland of
  North America
• After a hurricane off Cuba, they secured a new
  boat and departed for Florida.
• The expedition landed near Tampa Bay is March
  1538 and claimed the land as the lawful
  possession of the Spanish empire
• The expedition was a disaster

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• The party overstayed its welcome with the
  Apalachee Indians of northern Florida when they
  took their leader hostage
• After being pursued by the natives, the surviving
  members were reduced to living in a coastal swamp
  and living off the flesh of their horses
• In late 1528, they built several rafts from trees
  and horse hides and set sail for Cuba

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• A hurricane dumped the 80 survivors close to what
  is now Galveston, Texas
• Initially welcomed, the Indians blamed them when
  half the natives died from disease
• Over the next four years he transformed himself
  from a conquistador into a trader and a healer
• By 1532 only four of the original expedition were
  still alive

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• They headed west and south hoping to reach an
  outpost of the Spanish Empire in Mexico
• In July 1536 they finally encountered a group of
  fellow Spaniardswho were amazed at the sight of
  Cabeza de Vaca in the company of Indians
• Appalled by the Spanish treatment of Indians, he
  returned to Spain to publish an account of his
  experiences and to urge a more generous policy
  upon the crown

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• He served as a Mexican territorial governor but
  was accused or corruptionprobably because of his
  enlightened treatment toward Indians
• He returned to Spain and, after a pardon, served
  as a judge in Seville until his death

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Hernando de Soto
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• Led 600 in 1539 through the heartland of the
  Mississippian culture which is now Florida,
  Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina,
  Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, and
  east Texas
• They carried little food with themthey expected
  to take maize, beans, and squash from the Indians
• Soto brought along 300 sets of iron collars and
  chains to enslave Indians as his porters

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• He seized local chiefs to hold as hostages to
  extort ransoms of maize, women, porters, and
  guides
• They were unable to find great resources of gold
  and silver
• They left a trail of corpses, mutilations,
  ravaged fields, emptied storehouses, and charred
  towns in their wakes
• Soto died in 1542 and because he had told Indians
  he was immoral, the men tried to hide his death

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• The remaining men built boats in 1543 to descend
  the Mississippi and sail southwest
• Sotos expedition introduced diseases that
  decimated the natives
• By 1600 the regions population had collapsed to
  a small fraction of its former numbers
• When the French explorers arrived in the 1670s,
  they found few Indians
• The only group that survived the Soto expedition
  were the Natchez peoplethey would later be known
  at the Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, and Cherokee

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Florida
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• French stole half of the Spanish royal revenue
  from the new world in the late 1550s
• They focused on the channel that ran between
  Florida and the Bahamas
• Ships were also wrecked by treacherous shoals and
  storms
• Calusa Indians scavenged the wrecks for metals
  and took castaways as slaves

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Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
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• Spanish crown established a fortified colony
  along the Atlantic coast of Florida
• Avilés was known as a resourceful and ruthless
  naval officer
• Spanish learned in 1565 that the French had
  established a small base in FloridaFt. Caroline
  at the mouth of the St. Johns River
• The Spanish, horrified by the fact the French
  were Protestant, attacked and killed all the
  French

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• Avilés founded St. Augustine on the coast 40
  miles south of the former Ft. Caroline
• In 1570 he established a short-lived Jesuit
  mission on the Chesapeake Bay he also settled
  other towns in Florida which failed due to
  attacks by the French and the Indians
• The Spanish finally established towns in Florida
  by using the Franciscan mode of pacification

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New Mexico

• Spanish returned to the Rio Grande to practice a
  similar program of pacification as used in
  Florida
• Spanish were afraid of other countries taking
  over
• Secular colonists were hoping to find silver

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Canada and Iroquoia

• English, French, Dutch needed their own
  colonies
• Northern America offered a safer setting
• Jacques Cartier colonized along St. Lawrence
  River
• Fur trade and fishing became valuable northern
  commodities