ORGANIC

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ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
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What Builds This Object?
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Macromolecules Building of Cells

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids
• What Builds These Macromolecules?

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Compounds Of Course!!!
This is glucose that builds carbohydrates!!
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Why is Every Compound Different?
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Put Together Compounds and make MACROMOLECULES
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Organic Compounds
Organic Compounds Compounds that contain carbon
bonding with other atoms that build your cells.
Carbon is the backbone of life!!!
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Organic Compounds

• Contain the element carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
• Carbon is found in things that are or once were
  living.
• Carbon atoms share electrons to form covalent
  bonds.

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CARBON
Why is carbon the backbone of life? Why is it
special?

• Carbon has 4 electrons in its outer shell. To
  satisfy the octet rule, it needs to share 4 other
  electrons.
• 2. This means that each carbon atom forms 4
  covalent bonds with elements like H, O, P, N!!

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Three Types Of Carbon Molecules

1. Straight Chain

2. Ring
3. Branched Chain
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Straight Chains

• A hydrocarbon can contain one carbon atom, as in
  methane or thousands of carbon atoms, as in
  cellulose

One carbon Methane
Two carbon ethane
Three carbon propane
Four carbon butane
Five carbons pentane
Six carbon hexane
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Branched Chains

• The structural formula for certain alkanes can
  differ.
• Compounds with the same molecular formula but
  different structural formulas are isomers.

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The Ring

• Carbons can be arranged in a ring, such as
  cyclobutane.

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Functional Groups

• Functional group an atom or group of atoms
  within a molecule that will determine how the
  compound will react.
• Functional groups are important for three reason
  they are
• 1. Determine compounds function
• 2. the sites of characteristic chemical
  reactions(polar or nonpolar)
• 3. the basis for naming organic compounds

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Functional Groups

• Most of the useful behavior of organic compounds
  comes from functional groups attached to the
  carbons. A functional group is a special
  cluster of atoms that performs a useful function.

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Hydroxyl group - alcohols

• contain an -OH (hydroxyl) group
• Carbs

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Hydroxyl Group

• OH

Functional Groups
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Carbonyl Group

• contain a carbonyl (CO) group
• Carbon double bonded to oxygen

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• Sugars or carbohydrates

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Carboxyl Group

• contain a carboxyl (-COOH) group
• Acids because gives up H ions(vinegar)
• Amino Acids

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Carboxyl Group

• COOH

Functional Groups
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Amino Group

• Nitrogen bonded to two hydrogens and carbon
  skeleton.
• Proteins or amino acids

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Amine Group

• N-H2

Functional Groups
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Phosphate Group

• Phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms.
• ATP energy and DNA

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Methyl Group

• Carbon bonded to three hydrogens
• Part of DNA nucleic acid

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Macromolecule
Large molecules that make up living things. They
are large chains of smaller molecules or
compounds. It means giant molecule.
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Organic Compounds

• Organic compounds are composed of hundreds to
  thousands of individual molecules.
• The single molecules in a polymer are called
  monomers.

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Monomers
All macro organic molecules are made up of
smaller subunits called monomers. This is just
the base unit that repeats over and again. The
monomers can be identical or different.
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Polymers
Organic macromolecules are made up of repeating
monomers.These chains of monomers are called
polymers.
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Organic Compounds

• The long molecules formed by repeating patterns
  of monomers are called polymers.

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Condensation(dehydration) Reaction
A condensation reaction is the removal of water
to connect monomers. The large chain is then
bonded to form a polymer.
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Hydrolysis

• Process of adding water to break apart polymers.

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4 Groups of Organic Compounds

1. Carbohydrates
2. Proteins
3. Lipids
4. Nucleic Acids

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Carbohydrates

• Make up sugars and starches
• Contain a hydroxyl (OH) group
• Contain atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

• The ratio of the atoms is 1 C 2 H 1 O
• Provide energy to the cells.
• Dissolve in water (hydrophilic)

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Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, and
O. Ratio 1C2H1O Function 1. Main source
of energy. 2. Plants and some animals use it
for structural purposes.
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• Sugars or carbohydrates

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Types of Carbohydrates

• Carbohydrates are classified according
• to size.
• One sugar is a monosaccharide (monomer).
• Two sugars make a disaccharide.
• Many sugar molecules linked together form a
  polysaccharide (polymer).

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Carbohydrates

• Carbohydrates are made up of monomers called
• monosaccharides.
• Examples of monosaccrharides
• glucose plant produce during photosynthesis
• Galactose found in milk and diary
• Fructose sugar in many fruits

GLUCOSE!
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Fructose
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Monosaccharide
Milk Sugar
Fruit Sugar
Types of Carbs
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Carbohydrates
Two monomers of monosaccharides together
are called disaccharides. Sucrose is a examples
of a disaccharide.
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Disaccharide
Maltose is two glucose molecules forms in
digestive tract of humans during starch
digestion.  
Types of Carbs
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MALTOSE
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Carbohydrates

• A polysaccharide is a long chain of
  monosacchrides
• Joined together.
• Examples of polysacchrides
• glycogenstored energy
• Starch plant stored energy
• Cellulose cell walls

STARCH!!!
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Polysaccharide
Starch is straight chain of glucose molecules
with few side branches.
Types of Carbs
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Look at the difference between these two. Think
about how Plants use cellulose and animals use
starch. They are shaped this way because of
their use. Cellulose straight chains
Starch Branched.
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Lipids

• The three types of lipids are fats, oils, and
  waxes.
• Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• Typically contain two monomers glycerol and
  fatty acids

• Glycerol contains the hydroxyl (OH) group.
• Fatty acids contain the carboxyl (COOH) group.

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Lipids

• DEFINE Large groups of organic compounds not
  soluble in water.
• Mostly made up of C and H with very little O.
• Functions
• Store energy for long term.
• Waterproof covering

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4 main categories of Lipids

1. Fats
2. Oils
3. Waxes
4. steroids

FAT!!!
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Monomers in Lipids
Lipids
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Functions of Lipids

• Lipids do not dissolve in water (hydrophobic),
  but may contain parts that can dissolve in water.
• The H O ratio is higher in lipids than it is in
  carbohydrates.

• Lipids store energy for later use by the body.
• Lipids also serve as padding and protection for
  the body.

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Lipids
Structure of a lipid Glyercol molecule combines
with fatty acids. The Different fatty acids
determine the type of lipid. Fatty acids have
a long hydrocarbon (carbon and hydrogen) chain
with a carboxyl (acid) group. .
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Fatty Acids

• Long chains of carbon atoms with attached
  hydrogen atoms (hydrocarbons)
• Saturated fats contain only single bonds between
  the carbon atoms.
• Unsaturated fats contain one or more double or
  triple bonds between the carbon atoms.

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Lipids
Lipids are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen and very little nitrogen.
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Saturated Unsaturated Fats
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Lipids
Saturated vs. Unsaturated Saturated means that
all the carbon bonds are taken. They are solid
at room temperature and bad for you.
Unsaturated means that there is at least one
double bond with the carbon. They are liquid at
room temp. and are better for you.
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Lipids
All lipids are not soluble in water. That is
why they are placed together.
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Which ones are Saturated??
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Structure of a Lipid

• Dissolves in water (hydrophilic)
• Does not dissolve in water (hydrophobic)

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Phospholipid

• Found in cell membranes
• Head is the phosphate group.
• Hydrophilic
• Tails are the fatty acids.
• Hydrophobic

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Proteins

• Proteins are the building materials for the body.
  
• Hair, skin, muscles, and organs are made mostly
  of proteins.
• Composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and
  oxygen
• Contain amine (NH2) and carboxyl (COOH) groups

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Proteins
Any of a large group of nitrogen containing
organic compounds that are essential part cells
consist of polymers of amino acids essential in
the diet of animals for growth and for repair of
tissues can be obtained from meat and eggs and
milk and legumes "a diet high in protein.
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Function of Proteins

• The building blocks of proteins are amino acids
  (monomers).
• Serve as enzymes which control rate of reactions
  and regulate cell processes.
• Amino acids are connected by a special type of
  bond called a peptide bond.

• Amino acid chains are called polypeptides.
• A protein contains one or more polypeptide
  chains.

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Proteins

• Macromolecules that contain N, C, O and H.
• Functions
• Rate of cell processes(enzymes).
• Cellular structures
• Controls substances in and out of cell.
• Fight disease.

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Examples of Proteins

1. Hemoglobin in blood
2. Collagen
3. Enzymes
4. insulin

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Types of Proteins

• There are two types of proteins fibrous and
  globular.
• Fibrous protein (found in skin, tendons, bones,
  and muscles) does not dissolve in water
  (hydrophobic).
• Globular protein (found in enzymes, some
  hormones, and hemoglobin) can dissolve in water
  (hydrophilic).

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Functions of Proteins

• Some important functions of proteins are listed
  below.
• enzymes (chemical reactions)
• hormones
• storage (egg whites of birds, reptiles seeds)
• transport (hemoglobin)
• contractile (muscle)
• protective (antibodies)
• membrane proteins (receptors, membrane transport,
  antigens)
• structural
• toxins (botulism, diphtheria)

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Proteins and Amino acid formation

• Proteins are made up of monomers of amino acids
  help together by peptide bonds.
• 3 parts of an amino acid
• Amino group
• Carboxyl group
• R group

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Amino Acids
Function of Proteins
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Structure of Proteins

• Twenty of the amino acids are used to make
  protein. Each has a carboxyl group (COOH) and an
  amino group (NH2).

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Proteins(examples of R-Groups)
There are 20 different amino acids found in
nature.Different proteins are determined by the
type of amino acids connected together. All
amino acids are the same except for the R-group.
The R-group gives the amino acids different
properties.
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R Group
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The R Group(functional group)
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Proteins(structure)
Long chains of amino acids are connected by
peptide bonds which are called polypeptides.
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Nucleic acid
Any of various macromolecules composed of
nucleotide chains that are vital constituents
of all living cells.
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Nucleic acids
Macromolecules containing H, N, C, O and P. Made
up of monomers of nucleotides.
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Nucleotides

• 3 parts of a nucleotide
• Phosphate
• Deoxyribose sugar
• Nitrogen base

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Function of a Nucleic Acids

1. Carry genetic material
2. Carries codes to make proteins

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2 Examples of Nucleic Acids

1. RNA ribosenucleic acids
2. DNA deoxyribosenucleic acid

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Function of DNA

1. Carry codes to make proteins.
2. Carry genetics code(genes).

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Function of RNA
1. Function of RNA is to make proteins from the
code DNA carries.
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