Role of Community Participation and Indigenous Knowledge in Flood Defence in India

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Role of CommunityParticipation and Indigenous
Knowledge in Flood Defence in India

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FLOOD SCENARIO

• AREA
  (Mha)
• GEOGRAPHICAL 328
• FLOOD PRONE 40
  12
• FLOOD AFFECTED AV. 7.55
• MAX.
  17.5 1978
• MIN.
  1.5 1965
• PROTECTABLE 32
  80
• PROTECTED (3/06) 18.22
  57

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DAMAGES DUE TO FLOODS(1953-2005)

• AV. ANN. FLOOD DAMAGE US 451 M
• MAX. FLOOD DAMAGE (2000) US 2216 M
• AV.ANN. HUMAN LIVES LOST 1589
• MAX. HUMAN LIVES LOST 11316 (1977)

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STRATEGIES

• MODIFY FLOODS (PHYSICAL CONTROLS)
• MODIFY SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DAMAGE (FF, FLOOD
  PROOFING, PREPAREDNESS)
• MODIFY LOSS BURDEN (FLOOD RELIEF, RECONSTRUCTION,
  INSURANCE)
• LIVING WITH FLOODS (BEARING LOSS)
  

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STRUCTURAL NON-STRUCTURAL MEASURES
ACHIEVEMENTS(3/06)

• EMBANKMENTS 33,929 Km
• DRAINAGE CHANNELS 38,810 Km
• STORAGE RESERVOIRS 4,525 (No.)
• TOWN/VILLAGE WORKS 2,458 (No.)
• VILLAGES RAISED 4,716 (No.)
• FF STATIONS 175 (147 ST.28 (RI)

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NEW PARADIGM

• FROM POST-DISASTER RESPONSE/RELIEF
• TO PREPAREDNESS/PREVENTION
• DEVELOPMENT NOT SUSTAINABLE WITHOUT DISASTER
  MITIGATION
• INVESTMENT IN MITIGATION MORE COST-EFFECTIVE THAN
  RELIEF EXPENDITURE
• MITIGATION TO BE MULTI-DISCIPLINARY
• NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK

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PANCHAYATS

• 73RD CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT ACT,1992 - VILLAGE
  LEVEL Admn.
• VILLAGE AND DISTRICT PANCHAYATS
• ELECTIONS TO BE HELD EVERY 5 YEARS
• RESERVATION FOR WOMEN DISADVANTAGED SECTIONS

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PANCHAYATS (CONTD.)

• 33 TO WOMEN 50 IN BIHAR MP
• OVER 1 MILLION ELECTED WOMEN REPRESENTATIVES (38
  OF ALL PERSONS ELECTED)
• SEPARATE MINISTRY OF PANCHAYAT RAJ
• SOME STATES ARE TARDY

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COMMUNITY BASED DISASTER PREPAREDNESS

• PANCHAYATS NOW NECESSARY ELEMENT IN PREPAREDNESS
• THEIR EXPERIENCE AND PRACTICES MAIN FOCUS OF RISK
  REDUCTION PROGRAM

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COMMUNITY BASED DISASTER PREPAREDNESS (CONTD.)

• TRADITIONAL COPING PRACTICES AND SURVIVAL
  MECHANISM HANDY
• COMMUNITY BASED VOLUNTEER TEAMS MORE EFFECTIVE IN
  PREPAREDNESS AND POST-FLOOD MITIGATION
• DISASTER MGMT PLANS PREPARED FOR 8643 VILLAGES,
  1046 PANCHAYATS, 188 BLOCKS IN 82 DISTRICTS

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COMMUNITY BASED DISASTER PREPAREDNESS (CONTD.)

• CBDM IS CRUCIAL TO NDF AND DEVOLVES UPON
• EMPOWERING AND CAPACITY BUILDING OF VULNERABLE
  COMMUNITIES
• SETTING UP AND TRAINING DMCs DMTs OF PANCHAYATS
  AND MUNICIPALITIES IN IDENTIFICATION OF SHELTERS,
  STOCKPILING OF RELIEF MATERIALS, EARLY WARNING
  DISSEMINATION, FIRST-AID ETC.

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CBDP (CONTD.)

• DMPs TO BE MADE INTEGRAL TO DEVELOPMENT PLANS
• DMPs TO GET PRIORITY UNDER VARIOUS DEVELOPMENT
  SCHEMES OF PANCHAYATS AND URBAN LOCAL BODIES

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MASS AWARENESS PROGRAM
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MASS AWARENESS PROGRAM
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NATIONAL DISASTER MITIGATION DAY 29TH OCT, 2003
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DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN SCHOOL CURRICULUM
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CLUSTER MEETING
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GRAM SABHA MEETING
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PLAN PREPARATION
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PARTICIPATORY RURAL APPRAISAL
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TRAINING AND CAPACITY BUILDING
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LOCAL KNOWLEDGE

• TECHNICAL
• ENVIRONMENTAL
• AGRICULTURAL
• SOCIO-CULTURAL
• HISTORICAL

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LOCAL KNOWLEDGE (CONTD.)

• PEOPLES ADAPTIVE AND COPING PRACTICES
  CONSTITUTE
• PREVENTIVE MEASURES
• PROTECTIVE MEASURES, RISK REDUCTION MECHANISM AND
  IMPACT MINIMIZING STRATEGIES
• AVOIDANCE MEASURES

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LOCAL KNOWLEDGE (CONTD.)

• TRADITIONAL RURAL COMMUNITIES COMMUNICATE
• ORALLY THRO STORIES, SONGS, POEMS, PROVERBS
  THEATRE
• PRACTICES LIKE WORSHIP, CEREMONIES AND RITUALS

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LOCAL KNOWLEDGE (CONTD.)EARLY FLOOD WARNING

• EARLY WARNING ASSESSMENT OF PROBABILITY
  FLOODING EXTENT BY
• COLOUR OF CLOUDS, LOCATION, INTENSITY FREQUENCY
  OF RAINFALL, UNUSUAL SOUNDS CHANGES IN WATER
  FLOW, WATER COLOUR, WIND DIRECTION
• UNUSUAL BEHAVIOUR OF WILDLIFE LIKE
• ANTS, BIRDS, RATS AND SNAKES

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LOCAL KNOWLEDGE (CONTD.)FLOOD PREPAREDNESS

• STORING ESSENTIAL ITEMS LIKE FOOD GRAINS, FUEL
  ETC.
• KEEPING SEEDS IN BASKETS, HANGING FROM CEILINGS
  OR WITH FRIENDS/RELATIVES LIVING IN FLOOD FREE
  AREAS
• HARVESTING CROPS EARLY

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LOCAL KNOWLEDGE (CONTD.)FLOOD PREPAREDNESS

• STORING DRY FODDER AT HIGHER ELEVATIONS - ON TOP
  OF HOUSE-ROOFS OR HIGH BRANCHES OF TREES
• CONSTRUCTING RAISED PLATFORMS MADE OF BAMBOO,
  WOODEN STICKS ETC. IN HOUSES FOR CHILDREN/WOMEN

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LOCAL KNOWLEDGE (CONTD.)FLOOD PREPAREDNESS

• MAKING BOATS/FLOATING PLATFORMS WITH LOCAL
  MATERIALS e.g. BAMBOO STICKS BANANA STEMS
• CONSTRUCTING HOUSES ON STILTS
• STOCKPILING STONE BOULDERS, SAND BAGS, BURNT OR
  UNBURNT BRICKS, OILSKINS ETC.

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LOCAL KNOWLEDGE (CONTD.)FLOOD PREPAREDNESS

• PRESERVING RICE, PULSES, OIL, DRIED FISH AND FUEL
  FOR COOKING
• PATROLLING EMBANKMENTS TO KEEP WATCH ON KNOWN
  VULNERABLE POINTS
• DURING FLOODS, WEAKER SECTIONS START TAKING ONE
  MEAL A DAY

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LOCAL KNOWLEDGE (CONTD.)POST FLOOD RECONSTRUCTION

• USING EXPERTISE AND LOCALLY AVAILABLE MATERIALS
  IN DWELLING UNITS, CATTLE SHEDS AND TEMPORARY
  SHELTERS
• CARRYING-OUT POST FLOOD REPAIR MAINTENANCE OF
  APPROACH ROADS, BRIDGES, CULVERTS, PUBLIC
  UTILITIES, SHELTERS, BOATS, FISH NETS, WATER
  PURIFICATION, VETERINARY CARE, RESCUE RELIEF

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THANK YOU
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NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK
Political Economy
Development
Environment
Disaster Risk Assessment, Reduction and
Management, NDM ACT, 2005 National Policy on DM
Prevention Preparedness
Response Recovery

• Structural Measures
• Infrastructure
• Environmental shield
• Retrofitting
• Early warning system

• Non-structural measures
• Mass awareness
• Poverty alleviation
• Community Participation
• Warning dissemination
• Empowerment of the women
• Capacity building

Search rescue
Shelters
Relief
Sustainable Development
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PAST PERSPECTIVES ON DISASTERS

• INDIAN HISTORY CITES MANY INSTANCES OF COPING
  WITH NATURAL AND HUMAN-MADE DISASTERS - FROM
  INVASIONS AND WARS TO FLOODS, DROUGHTS, FAMINES,
  EARTHQUAKES AND CYCLONES
• THE LOCATION OF THE SUB CONTINENT WITH ITS UNIQUE
  GEOCLIMATIC FEATURES, MAKES FOR AN INTERESTING
  MIX OF VULNERABILITY AND RESILIENCE

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PAST PERSPECTIVES ON DISASTERS(CONTD.)

• IN ADDITION TO RELIGIOUS LITERATURE PROMOTING
  NEED FOR HARMONY BETWEEN HUMANS AND NATURE,
  SCHOLASTIC AND SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE IN ANCIENT
  INDIA DEALT WITH ASPECTS OF DISASTER PREPAREDNESS
  AND MITIGATION

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PAST PERSPECTIVES ON DISASTERS(CONTD.)

• PHILOSOPHER-ASTRONOMER-MATHEMATICIAN
  VARAHAMIHIRA(505-587 AD) GAVE DIRECTIONS IN
  BRIHAD SAMHITA ABOUT EARTHQUAKES, THEIR CAUSES
  AND PREDICTABILITY, SIGNS, CORRELATION WITH
  COSMIC/PLANETARY INFLUENCES, GROUND WATER AND
  UNDER SEA ACTIVITIES, UNUSUAL CLOUD FORMATIONS
  AND ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR OF ANIMALS

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PAST PERSPECTIVES ON DISASTERS(CONTD.)

• ATHARVA VEDA DISCUSSES DROUGHT MITIGATION
  STRATEGIES AND ARTHSHASTRA(4TH CENTURY B.C.) HAS
  A SECTION ON FAMINE RELIEF AND MITIGATION
  MEASURES
• THESE BECAME PART OF FOLKLORE AND FORM BASIS OF
  COPING MECHANISMS EXTANT AT COMMUNITY LEVEL TODAY