What%20is%20India?%20Four%20different%20geographical%20regions

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What is India? Four different geographical
regions

• North mountainous Himalayas and Hindu Kush
  nomadic
• Central Plains Ganges and Indus Rivers
  agricultural, highly productive farming
• Deccan plateau mountainous, dry interior
• Ocean-based trading cities on the coasts

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Elevation
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Climate
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Indian Ocean Trade Western India faces Middle
East and Africa Eastern India faces Southeast
Asia
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Arabian Sea Culture Bay of Bengal Culture
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Maurya Empire (300 BCE)
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Delhi Sultanate period, 1236
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India, 1525
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Indian Languages
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Hindu areas
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Muslim Areas
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Delhi Sultanate period, 1236
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Sikh and Jain areas
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Pre-Partition Map
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British India Unity and Disunity

• British were experts at setting one group against
  another
• Used Sikhs to crush the Sepoy Rebellion
• Institutionalized and regularized caste divisions
  to split leaders from masses
• Gave separate voting rights to Muslims - helped
  create the All-India Muslim League as an
  alternative to the Indian National Congress

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Indian National Congress becomes a mass movement

• Gandhi transforms the INC from a group of elites
  to a mass movement
• Salt March - a mass movement to show non-violent
  opposition to British monopoly and taxes on salt
• http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc
  /Salt_March.ogg

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Gandhi at his spinning wheel
Accepts the past to raise self-esteem, show moral
superiority, reject British civilization
Rejects the past where it prevents liberation
caste, ethnic division
A national culture is not a folkloreit takes
its place at the very heart of the struggle for
freedom. (Fanon)
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Nehru or Gandhi Which way forward?
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Nehru and Gandhi Which way forward? Many of the
rituals of modern individualism become visible in
India in the 19th century. Along with these came
modern industry, technology, medicine, a
quasi-bourgeois (though colonial) legal system.
At the top of these institutions sat the modern
state, that is, the European nation-state. Referri
ng to the Indian nationalists demands for more
railways, medicine and bourgeois law Gandhi
remarked this was to make India English or, as
he put it, to have English rule without the
Englishmen. -- Dipesh Chakrabarty
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Decision of the All-India Muslim League

• Fight for equal rights, continued special
  political status within one India?
• Demand a Muslim Pakistan?
• Land of the Pure Pakistan
• Punjab, Afghan, Kashmir Pakistan

Note that this idea left out majority Muslim, but
not contiguous East Pakistan
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