Input and Output

1
Chapter 3

• Input and Output

2
Turbo Prolog Editor

• Ctrl K B Start block
• Ctrl K K End block
• Ctrl K C Copy block
• Ctrl K V Move block
• Ctrl K Y Delete block
• Ctrl Y Delete line

3
AND, OR, NOT

• and use ,
• or use
• not

HELP Command file ?PROLOG open with notepad
4
EX04EX05 is letter

• predicates
• isletter(char)
• clauses
• / When applied to characters, 'lt' means
  "alphabetically precedes or is the same as" /
• isletter(Ch) - 'a' lt Ch, Ch lt 'z'.
• isletter(Ch) - 'A' lt Ch, Ch lt 'Z'.

goal isletter(K) yes

• arithematics
• lt gt lt gt
• - / not
• char
• put .... when asking

5
Setup makewindow

• makewindow(1, 120, 35, "Left operand", 2, 5, 5,
  25)
• Location
• 1 window number
• 2 background color and text color in the window
• 3 frame color
• 4 text center of the border
• 5 row
• 6 column
• 7 Height
• 8 Width
• cursor(row,column)
• cursor(25,80)

6
Setup color

• HOW TO CALCULATE SCREEN ATTRIBUTES.
• Choose ONE foreground color and ONE background
  color.
• Add the corresponding integer values below.
• 3. Add 128 if you want whatever is displayed
  with that attribute to blink.
• BACKGROUND-COLORS (Screen)
  FOREGROUND-COLORS (Characters)
• ------------------------------------------------
  ------------
• Black 0 Black 0
• Blue 16 Blue 1
• Green 32 Green 2
• Cyan 48 Cyan 3
• Red 64 Red 4
• Magenta 80 Magenta 5
• Brown 96 Brown 6
• White 112 White 7
• Grey 8
• Light Blue 9
• Light Green 10
• Light Cyan 11
• 23 16 7 Light Red 12

7
EX14EX01.PRO makewindow

• predicates
• run
• clauses
• run -
• makewindow(1, 20, 7, "A blue window", 2, 5,
  10, 50),
• write("The characters are red"), nl,
• makewindow(2, 176, 7, "A light cyan
  window", 14, 25, 10, 40),
• write("This window is light cyan and the
  "),
• write("letters are black and blink."), nl,
• write("Please type an integer to exit."),
  nl,
• readint(_),
• removewindow,
• write("Please type an integer to exit."),
  nl,
• readint(_),
• removewindow.

8
Window1.PRO EX04EX03.PRO
predicates run(char) goal run(X). / This
is a internal goal. / clauses run(X) -
makewindow(1, 7, 7, " Hello World Program
",0,0,25,80), write("Hello World
(first)"), readchar(X),
removewindow. run(X) - write("hello
World (second)"), readchar(X).

9
Window2.PRO
predicates run(char) goal run(X).
/ This is a internal goal. /
clauses run(X) -
makewindow(1,7,7,"hello",0,0,25,80),
write("hello World (second)"), readchar(X).
run(X) - makewindow(1, 7, 7," Hello World
Program ", 0, 0, 25, 80), write("Hello World
(first)"), readchar(X), removewindow.

10
Window3.PRO show 2 windows
predicates run1(char) run2(char)
goal run1(X), run2(Y). / This is a
internal goal. / clauses run2(X) -
makewindow(1,7,7,"hello",0,0,25,80),
write("hello World (second)"),
readchar(X). run1(X) - makewindow(1,
7, 7," Hello World Program ", 0, 0, 25, 80),
write("Hello World (first)"),
readchar(X), removewindow.

11
EX14EX02.pro SUM 2 NUMBERS

• predicates
• start
• run(integer)
• do_sums
• set_up_windows
• clear_windows
• clauses
• start - set_up_windows, do_sums.
• set_up_windows -
• makewindow(1, 7, 7, "", 0, 0, 25, 80),
• makewindow(1, 7, 7, "Left operand", 2, 5,
  5, 25),
• makewindow(2, 7, 7, "", 2, 35, 5, 10),
• nl, write(" PLUS"),
• makewindow(2, 7, 7, "Right operand", 2, 50,
  5, 25),
• makewindow(3, 7, 7, "Gives", 10, 27, 5,
  25),
• makewindow(4, 7, 7, "", 17, 22, 5, 35).
• do_sums - run(_), clear_windows, do_sums.

goal start
12
EX14EX02.pro SUM 2 NUMBERS (cont.)

• run(Z) -
• shiftwindow(1),
• cursor(2, 1), readint(X),
• shiftwindow(2),
• cursor(2, 10), readint(Y),
• shiftwindow(3), ZXY, cursor(2, 10),
  write(Z),
• shiftwindow(4),
• write(" Please press the space bar"),
• readchar(_).
• clear_windows -
• shiftwindow(1), clearwindow,
• shiftwindow(2), clearwindow,
• shiftwindow(3), clearwindow,
• shiftwindow(4), clearwindow.

13
LISTEX01.pro
goal ownes(X,Y)

• domains
• thing book(title,author) car(name) shoe
• author author(firstname,lastname)
• person,title,name,firstname,lastname,shoe
  symbol
• predicates
• ownes(person,thing)
• clauses
• ownes(siri,book("AI book",author(tom,brook))).
• ownes(siri,car(honda)).
• ownes(siri,shoe).

14
EX12EX07.PRO Read Person Information

• domains
• person p(name, age, telno, job)
• age integer
• telno, name, job string
• predicates
• readperson(person)
• run
• goal
• run.
• clauses
• readperson(p(Name, Age, Telno, Job)) -
• write("Which name ? "), readln(Name),
  write("Job ?"), readln(Job), write("Age
  ?"), readint(Age),
• write("Telephone no ?"), readln(Telno).
• run -
• readperson(P), nl, write(P), nl, nl,
• write("Is this compound object OK (y/n)"),
  readchar(Ch), Ch'y'.
• run -
• nl, nl, write("Alright, try again"), nl,
  nl, run.

15
EX07EX02.PRO Typewriter

• / Uses repeat to keep accepting characters and
  printing them until the user presses Enter. /
• predicates
• repeat
• typewriter
• clauses
• repeat.
• repeat - repeat.
• typewriter - repeat,
• readchar(C), / Read a char, bind
  C to it /
• write(C),
• char_int(C,13). / Is C
  ASCII 13? /

goal typewriter
16
EX05EX09 Interactive window
predicates repeat action(integer,string)
test(string) goal makewindow(1,7,7,"int
eraction window",0,2,11,43), repeat,
shiftwindow(1), clearwindow, write("0.
Enter 0 to end\n"), write("1. Enter 1 to
create a window and input\n a new string\n"),
write("2. Enter 2 to remove the window and
text\n"), write("3. Enter 3 to write to
existing window\n\n"),
write("Selection? "),
readint(Int),nl, action(Int,Text),
Int 0,!, / this cut will
prevent backtracking even if you
have not created
a string / test(Text). clauses
action(0,"EXIT")- !, / this cut
prevents Turbo Prolog from looking
at
other options. / exit.
17
EX05EX09 Interactive window
action(1,Str)- existwindow(2),
write("You have a window that already
exists.\n"), write("Do you wish to clear
it.(y,n) "), readchar(Ans),!,
Ans'y', / If you answer yes to the question
this cut prevents the backtracking to the second
action(1) clause. / nl, shiftwindow(2),
clearwindow, write("Enter your string\n"),
readln(Str). action(1,Str)- !, /
this cut prevents Turbo Prolog from looking

at other options. / nl,
makewindow(2,7,7," simple window control ", 12,
3, 12, 40), write("Enter your string\n"),
readln(Str).
action(2,"window removed")-
existwindow(2), !, / If the window has
been input, this cut will prevent the second
action(2) clause from executing /
shiftwindow(2), removewindow,
clearwindow. ...... action(3,Str)-
existwindow(2),!, shiftwindow(2),
clearwindow, write("Enter your string\n"),
readln(Str). ....... action(_,"ERROR")-
write("not a valid option\n"),
write("press any key to continue").
test(Text)- write(Text). repeat.
repeat-repeat.
18
EX16EX02.PRO show time

• predicates
• timer
• clauses
• timer-
• time(H1,M1,S1,D1),nl,
• write("Start time is ",H1,"",M1,"",S1,"
  and ",D1,"/100 sec"),nl, / This is the activity
  that is being timed /
• system("dir ."),
• time(H2,M2,S2,D2),
• Time (D2-D1) 100 ((S2 - S1) 60
  ((M2 - M1) 60 (H2 - H1))),
• write("Elapsed time ",Time,"/100 sec"),nl,
• time(H3,M3,S3,D3),
• write("The time now is ",H3,"",M3,"",S3,"
  and ",D3,"/100 sec"),nl.
• goal
• makewindow(1,7,7," Timer ",8,10,12,60),
• write("Press any key to start"),
• readchar(_), timer.

19
EX05EX05

• We can set the program to run automatic by using
  the command at .....
• goal

lives(zebra, on_land). lives(frog,
on_land). lives(frog, in_water).
lives(shark, in_water). can_swim(Y) -
type(X, animal) , is_a(Y, X) ,
lives(Y,in_water).

• predicates
• type(symbol, symbol)
• is_a(symbol, symbol)
• lives(symbol, symbol)
• can_swim(symbol)
• goal
• can_swim(What) ,
• write("A ",What," can swim.\n").
• clauses
• type(ungulate, animal).
• type(fish, animal).
• is_a(zebra, ungulate).
• is_a(herring, fish).
• is_a(shark, fish).

• write(.............. )
• write(\n.......,Variable
• ,..... \n\n\n)

20
cswim1

• Fail
• use to make the rule not true
• prolog will find all of the solutions.

• predicates
• type(symbol, symbol)
• is_a(symbol, symbol)
• lives(symbol, symbol)
• can_swim(symbol)
• goal
• can_swim(What) ,
• write("A ", What," can
• swim.\n"),fail.
• clauses
• type(ungulate, animal).
• type(fish, animal).

• is_a(zebra, ungulate).
• is_a(herring, fish).
• is_a(shark, fish).
• is_a(tuna, fish).
• lives(zebra, on_land).
• lives(frog, on_land).
• lives(frog, in_water).
• lives(shark, in_water).
• lives(herring, in_water).
• lives(tuna, in_water).
• can_swim(Y) -
• type(X, animal) ,
• is_a(Y, X) ,
• lives(Y,in_water).

21
can_swim

• We can set the program to run automatic by using
  the command at .....
• goal

• predicates
• type(symbol, symbol)
• is_a(symbol, symbol)
• lives(symbol, symbol)
• can_swim(symbol)
• run.
• goal
• run.
• clauses
• type(ungulate, animal).
• type(fish, animal).
• is_a(zebra, ungulate).
• is_a(tuna, fish).
• is_a(shark, fish).

lives(zebra, on_land). lives(frog,
on_land). lives(frog,in_water).
lives(shark,in_water). lives(tuna,in_water). ca
n_swim(Y) - type(X, animal) ,
is_a(Y, X) , lives(Y,in_water). run -
write("\n Hello \n"),
can_swim(What), write("A ", What, " can
swim.\n"), fail.
22
EX05EX06 father

• domains
• name symbol
• predicates
• father(name, name)
• everybody
• clauses
• father(leonard, katherine).
• father(carl, jason).
• father(carl, marilyn).
• everybody -
• father(X, Y),
• write(X, " is ", Y, "'s father\n"),
• fail.

• Some predicate may not have attributes
• Ex everybody