Input, Process, Output

1
Input, Process, Output

• Supplemental Lecture Notes

2
Typical System

• Computer case
• Monitor
• Printer
• Speakers
• Modem
• Keyboard
• Mouse

3
Computer Components

• Power supply
• Hard drive
• Expansion card
• Expansion slot
• System board
• CD-ROM or DVD-ROM
• Floppy disk
• Drive bay
• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Random access memory (RAM)

4
Power Plays

• The capacity of a power supply is measured in
  watts
• Computer uses 250 light bulb uses 60
• Can use
• Surge protector
• UPS

5
Ports

• Ports are connectors at the back of a computer
  system that you use to plug in an external
  device. This allow instructions and data to flow
  between the computer and the device

6
Any Port in a Storm

• Parallel port 25 holes female connector LPT1
  printer or storage devices
• Monitor port
• Keyboard port
• Serial port 9 or 25 pins male connector COM1
  mouse or modem
• Game port
• Network port
• USB port
• 127 devices
• Printer, modem, joy stick

7
Growing

• An expansion card is a circuit board that lets
  you add new features to a computer
• Video
• Modem
• Sound
• Network Interface

8
Upgrades

• Upgrading refers to replacing an old or obsolete
  component with a newer component to improve the
  efficiency of the computer
• Upgrading also can include adding a new component
  like a tape drive or DVD to increase the
  capabilities of a computer
• Increasing the amount of memory in a computer is
  one of the most effective upgrades you can perform

9
Input and Output

• Chapter 2

10
Mouse Actions

• Click selects
• Right click displays commands
• Double click opens
• Drop and Drag moves items on screen

11
Mice

• Types
• Conventional
• Wheel mouse
• Wireless mouse
• Programmable mouse e.g. three buttons
• Optical sensor mouse
• Other devices
• Touchpad
• Trackball
• Pointing stick

12
Keyboards

• There are 101 keys on a keyboard to help you
  input information
• Function keys let you perform specific task
• Can use CNTL-x shortcuts to execute commands
• CNTL-C copy
• CNTL-X cut
• CNTL-V paste
• Windows key will quickly display the start menu

13
Printers

• Speed of a printer is measured in pages per
  minute (PPM). A higher speed represents faster
  output
• Resolution determines the quality of images
• A higher resolution results in sharper images
• Printer resolution is measured in dots per inch
  (dpi)
• 600 dpi is acceptable 1200 is better for images
• Resolution expressed with two numbers represents
  dots per inch across and down

14
Types of Printers

• Ink-jet has a print head that sprays ink through
  tiny nozzles onto a page
• 2 to 10 pages (ppm)
• 360 to 2400 dots per inch
• Color printers spray cyan, magenta, yellow and
  black to create different colors
• Laser-printer
• Works like a photo copier
• Speed of 4 to 16 pages
• Have a CPU
• 600 to 2400
• Memory 2mb to 8 Mb

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Other Types

• Dot matrix
• Print head contains small blunt pins that strike
  an inked ribbon
• Useful for multi-part forms
• LED printer
• Similar to lasers but cheaper
• Color photo printer
• Multifunction Printer

16
Print Buffer and Spoolers

• Printer buffer section of memory printer stores
  information waiting to print
• Printer spooler program on your computer that
  stores information waiting to print
• Stores more information than the buffer
• One spooler for each connected printer

17
Monitors

• Video cards translate instructions from the
  computer into a form Most computes the monitor
  can understand
• require at least 2 mb of video card memory
• Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) uses AGP bus to
  communicate directly with main memory
• 3D Graphics Accelerator has chip called a GPU
  optimized for 3-D graphics

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Monitor Metrics

• The smaller the dot pitch, the crisper the image
• 0.28mm is acceptable
• Refresh rate is measured in hertz (Hz)
• Times per second computer redraws the image
• 72 Hz or more is acceptable

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Resolution

• Amount of information a monitor can display
• Measured by the number of horizontal and vertical
  pixels
• Monitors switch settings based on the resolution
  and refresh rate of video card
• Video card determines number of colors a monitor
  can display
• 256 suitable for most home use
• 24-bit displays more colors than eye can
  distinguish

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Communications

• Modems let a computer exchange information
  through telephone lines
• Speed of a modem determines how fast it sends and
  receives messages
• 56,000 bps (56 Kbps)
• V.90 standard receive 56K and send 33.6K
• Speed at which information flows depend on the
  quality of the phone line
• A modem needs a communications package to manage
  the transmission of information
• Data compression squeezes together data

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High-speed Connections

• ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network
• Digital phone line
• 56 Kbps to 128 Kbps
• Cable Modem
• Same cable as TV
• 4000 Kbps
• DSL Digital subscriber line
• High speed digital phone line
• 1000 6000 Kbps
• Satellite

22
Sound Cards

• Sampling Rate at least 44.1 KHz
• Full-duplex
• Talk and listen at same time
• Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI)
  support
• Wavetable synthesis
• Actual recordings
• FM synthesis
• Imitated sounds

23
TV Tuner Cards

• Require a video card to operate

24
Scanners

• A scanner is a device that reads images and text
  into a computer
• Most scanners come with Optical Character
  Recognition (OCR) software. This software places
  scanned text into a document that can be edited
  in a word processor
• Color dept is measured in bits and indicates the
  number of colors a scanner can detect
• 36 bit color depth is acceptable

25
Resolution

• Resolution determines the amount of detail a
  scanner can detect
• Ranges from 600 dpi to 2400 dpi
• You usually dont need to scan at a higher
  resolution than a printer can produce or a
  monitor can display
• Most monitors are 73 dpi
• Printers vary

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Cameras

• Resolution is measured in megapixels
• 1000 x 1000 pixels
• 1, 2 and 3 megapixel cameras are available
• Digital video cameras use a Charged Coupling
  Device (CCD) to capture video
• Quality depend on amount of detail a CCD can
  detect
• Most CCDs have resolution between 250,000 and
  700,000 pixels
• Web cameras resolution and speed determine
  quality of image
• Common transfer rates
• 15 frames per second at 640 x 480 pixels
• 30 frames per second at 352 x 288 (clearer but
  smaller)

27
MP3

• Sound format used to CD-quality music over the
  Internet
• Compresses sound
• Commonly 64 bit memory

28
USB and Firewire

• High-speed ports that allow information to
  quickly transfer between a computer and an
  external device
• USB
• Supports up to 127 device
• USB 1.0 12 megabits per second
• USB 2.0 480 Mbps
• FIREWIRE
• 63 devices at 400 Mbps
• Can purchase Firewire expansion card

29
Processing

• Chapter 3

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CPU (Central Processing Unit)

• Processes instructions, performs calculations,
  and manages the flow of information
• Performance
• CPU speed is a major factor in determining how
  fast a computer operates (faster the speed,
  faster computer operates)
• Measured in megahertz (MHz) A clock cycle relates
  to the clock that controls the timing in the
  microprocessor.
• For example, a 900MHz (megahertz) clocked
  microprocessor generates 900 million clock cycles
  per second.
• Each generation of CPU is more powerful than the
  one before. It's clock cycles are faster at a
  given speed

31
Processing

• The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the main
  chip in a computer
• Processes instructions
• Performs calculations
• Manages the flow of information

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Types of CPUs

• Intel Pentium Processor
• Speeds of 450 MHz to 1.13 GHz
• Intel Celeron
• Needs of home machines (500-700MHz)
• AMD Athlon Processor
• Business and home use
• AMD Duron Processor
• Home use
• VIA Cyrix Processor
• Inexpensive CPU

33
Processing

• Random Access Memory Temporarily stores data
  inside a computer
• Constantly overwritten
• Measured in megabytes (MB)
• 64 minimum these days100 MHz (millions of cycles
  per second)
• Dynamic RAM is type of memory chip that makes up
  memory in many computer systems. Access speed
  measured in megabits
• Most system boards can support access speed of
  Single Inline Memory Module (SIMM) 9 memory
  chips
• Dual Inline Module (DIMM) 18 memory chips
• If you have limited memory or you have many
  programs open, your computer may need to use part
  of the hard drive to simulate more memory

34
Using Memory Cache

1. Look through documents on your desk (internal
   cache)
2. Look through documents in your desk drawer
   (external cache)
3. Looking through documents in your filing cabinet
   (RAM)

35
Using Memory Cache

1. Look through documents on your desk (internal
   cache)
2. Look through documents in your desk drawer
   (external cache)
3. Looking through documents in your filing cabinet
   (RAM)

36
Math Coprocessors

• A special processing unit that assists the CPU in
  performing certain operations.
• A math coprocessor is a chip or part of a chip
  that specializes in doing math. Hardware that
  attaches to the motherboard or is part of the
  CPU.
• Extends the capabilities of a CPU in a
  transparent manner.
• Performs mathematical computations, particularly
  floating-point operations.
• Besides being able to add, subtract, multiply and
  divide floating-point numbers, they can also
  operate on them to perform comparisons, square
  roots, logarithms, sine, cosine, tangent,
  absolute value, and remainders
• Also called numeric coprocessors or floating
  point units (FPU).