Pesticides and Pest Control

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Pesticides and Pest Control
Brian Kaestner Saint Marys Hall
Thanks to Miller and Clements
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Orange - groundwater contamination Pink - nitrate
contamination Red - arsenic contamination
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Pests

• Compete with humans for food

• Invade lawns and gardens

• Destroy wood in houses

• Spread disease

• Are a nuisance

• May be controlled by natural enemies

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Pesticides Types

• Chemicals that kill undesirable organisms

• Insecticides

• Herbicides

See Table 20-1 p. 504

• Fungicides

• Rodenticides

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Fig. 20.2a, p. 505
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Fig. 20.2b, p. 505
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ranges overlap
Fig. 20.2c, p. 505
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Fig. 20.3, p. 506
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Fig. 20.11 , p. 514
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Boll weevil
Gypsy moth cateripllar
Insects and mites
Plant diseases
Weeds
Fig. 20.4, p. 507
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First Generation Pesticides

• Primarily natural substances

• Sulfur, lead, arsenic, mercury

• Plant extracts nicotine, pyrethrum

• Plant extracts are degradable

Refer to Appendix 6 p. A8
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Second Generation Pesticides

• Primarily synthetic organic compounds

• 630 biologically-active compounds

• Broad-spectrum agents

• Narrow-spectrum agents

• Target species

See Table 20-1 p. 504

• Nontarget species

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Characteristics of an Ideal Pesticide

• Kill only target pests

• Harm no other psecies

• Break down quickly

• Not cause genetic resistance

• Be more cost-effective than doing nothing

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Larva
Eggs
Fig. 20.12, p. 514
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The Case for Pesticides

• Save human lives

• Increase supplies and lower cost of food

• Work better and faster than alternatives

• Health risks may be insignificant compared to
  benefits

• Newer pesticides are becoming safer

• New pesticides are used at lower rates

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The Case Against Pesticides

• Genetic resistance

• Can kill nontarget and natural control species

• Can cause an increase in other pest species

• The pesticide treadmill

• Pesticides do not stay put

• Can harm wildlife

• Potential human health threats

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Fig. 20.5, p. 507
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Pesticide Regulation in the United States

• Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide
  Act (FIFRA)

• Tolerance levels

• EPA Evaluation of chemicals

• Inadequate and poorly enforced

• Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA)

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Other Ways to Control Pests

• Economic threshold

• Adjusting cultivation practices

• Use genetically-resistant plants

• Biological pest control

• Biopesticides

• Insect birth control

• Hormones and pheromones

• Ionizing radiation

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Integrated Pest Management

• Ecological system approach

• Reduce pest populations to economic threshold

• Field monitoring of pest populations

• Use of biological agents

• Chemical pesticides are last resort

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Effects of IPM
Fig. 20.7, p. 507